Rethink your Drink Essay

Based on the feedback that I received from my provider Mable Siow, a CFNP at the pueblo clinic, I chose a poster presentation. I am a school nurse in a Native American Pueblo and because of the high obesity rate we have among our young people, I chose to teach about high caloric drinks. A poster presentation was appropriate because of my audience. The theme of my presentation was â€Å"Rethink Your Drink† Please see photo below. My school conducted a small health fair in our gym, on Friday March 3rd 2010, I was able to create a poster board presentation exactly like the one depicted above. I added Red bull and Monster as I have confiscated these types of drinks from my middle school kids. The reaction and response I received from the kids and the parents was amazing. When you create a display such as this, it is easy enough to understand and the visual presentation is a very powerful tool in the teaching of how much sugar is consumed in each drink. By the time the parents and kids left my table, I received some very positive feedback. I also had handouts of information that I downloaded from the internet on the amount of calories that equal one teaspoon of sugar. For example, each teaspoon of sugar is equivalent to 16 calories. If you drink a 20 oz Mountain Dew, you are consuming 312 calories and 19. 5 teaspoons of sugar. The community setting was a combination of a public health clinic and a child care center. I am the school nurse and the audience consisted of my school kids, their parents and the school staff. I believe that this presentation made a big impact on how the parents will view these drinks in the future. Our dental hygienist was very happy to see the presentation and mentioned that she will borrow it for her clinic, as there are high numbers of kids with severe tooth decay.

The Chinese Voyages of Exploration

The Chinese Voyages of Exploration Succeeded by the non-Chinese Qing Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty is considered to be the last native dynasty to exist. The Ming Dynasty lasted from 1368 to 1644 and is known as the greatest era of social stability and organized government (European). Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty; he is also known as Hongwu, Taizu, and Ming Taizu. Hongwu died in 1382, leaving his grandson, Huidi, the next heir. However, Chengzu, or Yongol, created a military campaign to seize the thrown. This started a three year civil war, but Yongol overcame Huidi and took the thrown as emperor in 1403. Yongol wanted all other countries to fear his Dynasty’s power and see it as being the strongest (Asia). He created an expansion plan of China’s tribute system and as a result Zheng He was appointed to lead seven voyages (Europe). Zheng He, a muslim eunuch, was captured at the age of ten and was given the task of grouping boys to be castrated. During the time of the voyages, China’s technology was used to help build these massive ships that set sail. Known as â€Å"treasure ships,† these 400 feet long and 600 feet wide boats were equipped with nine sails, four decks, and armed with twelve cannons. There were also separate watertight compartments that had been recently invented. There were two major advantages of these compartments. One was if the ship was hit, it would not sink and the second was that it offered a way of carrying water for the passengers, animals, and fish. Another invention that was put onto these ships was sternpost rudders. Sternpost rudders were used to maneuver in crowded harbors and narrow channels and were easily attached to the outside rear (Asia). The Chinese would navigate by using a compass and sailing directions. Over the past 300 years, China had been strengthening its power in sea. A network of trade had been established in relation to their growing need for spices, herbs, and raw materials. Zheng He started his first voyage in 1405, which was made up of 317 ships with over sixty of them being treasure ships and almost 28,000 men. He began his journey first stopping in Champa, Central Vietnam and Siam, present day Thailand. From there, he sailed to Java, Malacca, and his main destination of Cochin, India making his trip last until 1407. Zheng He’s second voyage started in 1409 and lasted two years. Although he did not take part in the voyage, he organized sixty-eight ships to travel to Calicut to take part in the inauguration of the new king. From 1409 to 1411, the third voyage set sail. Zheng He took forty-eight ships and 30,000 soldiers to the same places that the first voyage went, but also included the Malay peninsula and Ceylong. In Ceylong, war broke out between the native’s and his men. So, Zheng He ceased the fighting and captured the King. He proceeded to bring him back to China where he was later released. The fourth voyage was much longer than the first three in distance. Lasting between 1413 and 1415, Zheng He, accompanied by twenty-five year old Muslim translator Ma Huan, stopped in many of the countries he previously visited. Yet, this time he controlled sixty-three ships and more than 28,000 men to Hormuz, which is located on the Persian Gulf. Starting in 1417, Zheng He’s fifth voyage headed to Aden, Africa, cities known as Mogadishu and Brawa, and Malindi. Many ambassadors decided to return to China with Zheng He. Again, it took two years to complete the expedition. The sixth voyage began in 1421, and only lasted a year. Zheng He visited the same countries mainly to return the ambassadors. In 1431, the seventh and final voyage took place. Due to Yongol’s death, his successor Xuande set forth the expedition. For two years, Zheng He visited places like the South China Sea, Indian Ocean, Aden, and Hormuz. His fleet consisted of more than 27,000 men and over one hundred ships. He also visited Jidda by traveling up the Red Sea. In 1433, on his return trip to China, Zheng He died and was buried at sea (Asia). These expeditions created a line of communication between the Chinese and Southeast Asia. However, the voyages were stopped due to many reasons. One reason is cost. These trips were seen as a waste of money because during this time, China was campaigning against the Mongols and funding the construction of Peking (Europe). According to the court, Yongol used the Dynasty’s money in extravagant ways to promote land and sea expeditions. Also, his move of the capital from Nanjing to Beijing was very costly as well as his ordering of the construction of the Forbidden City, which involved greater than a million workers. His decision to widen the Grand Canal to allow more transportation was also cost effective. Another reason for the ceasing of the voyages was due to natural disasters. Epidemics in Fujian, lightening strikes ruining the newly designed Forbidden City, and the flooding of the Yellow River leaving millions without shelter and over 1000 acres infertile in 1448 were major money traps. Even though the Mongols had departed from Chinese borders, Pirates and smugglers became a major factor in the south (Asia). Zheng He’s voyages were supported by the Eunuchs and frowned upon by the Conservative Confucian court. In 1477, talk about another voyage had entered the courts. The vice president of the Ministry of War immediately took possession of Zheng He’s records stating that they are â€Å"deceitful exaggerations of bizarre things far removed from the testimony of people’s eyes and ears (Asia). † The Chinese were no longer interested in overseas affairs mainly because the Ming Dynasty’s major source of income was due to land tax and not trade tax. Thus, China did not become a maritime power and over time the non-Chinese ruled the seas (Europe). These voyages can be seen as the reason China fell behind in new technological advances as well as losing their dominance over the rest of the world. Work Cited â€Å"The Ming Dynasty's Maritime History. † The European Voyages of Exploration. Copyright 1997. The Applied History Research Group, Web. 3 Mar 2010. . â€Å"The Ming Voyages. † Asia For Educators. Copyright 2009. Columbia University, Web. 3 Mar 2010. .

Anti-doping Measures and Technology Advancement

Many athletes and sportsmen and women in the world have at one time or another toyed with the idea of using performance enhancing drugs in order to maximize their chances of winning in the competitions (Houlihan, 2002).The use of these drugs is often referred to as doping. It is unethical as it gives users advantages over other athletes who are not using the drugs thus lack of equality in the competition. Apart from this, they pose a serious threat to the health of the users.Examples include steroids, testosterone, strychnine, Benzedrine, erythropoietin among others. Adding to the list of doping are technology techniques such as gene modification and ionized shirts, tough these shirts have not yet been classified in the doping list. Performance enhancing drugs have for a long time been a major concern to sports organizers who have constantly tried to stop the habit. Doping has existed in the sports world for as long as possible.According to Dimeo (2007), the first performance enhanci ng substances were used as early as 1807. However most were herbs and liquids that were eaten or drunk. The first real use of performance enhancers were seen in 1904 in the Olympics.However formal doping tests only started in the late 1960s when sports organizations saw the need to place an equal platform for all athletes to ensure fair competition. Performance enhancers were banned from the Olympics in 1968 by the International Olympic committee (IOC).The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was formed in November 1991 led by IOC to promote the fight against use of drugs in sports. It aimed at promoting the fight through coordination from other stakeholders in the world. In 2004, the World Anti-Doping Code was implemented by various sports organizations making rules and regulations governing sports to be unified in many countries just before the Olympic game in Athens, Greece.Currently, over two hundred countries are signatories of the WADA Code. WADA communicates its rules about perfor mance enhancing drugs and penalties using the prohibited list which is updated every year to cater for any changes and new discoveries (David, 2008).DiscussionThe progress in technology and pharmacology has always caused a threat to these organizations' ability to cope with drugs in sports. Manufacturers have been so crafty when making performance enhancing drugs that methods and apparatus used to test for drugs among athletes seem to miss out on some drugs in the sportsmen.According to Tansey (2008) of the San Francisco Chronicle, sports doping detection is an ever ending science which has to keep on being updated. Traditionally, urine samples were used to detect illegal samples in sportsmen.Steroid dopers have always remained ahead of the anti-doping organizations as they keep inventing new designer steroids that are more difficult to detect using the current technologies available in WADA and other organizations. Use of synthetic growth hormones which are hard to differentiate fr om natural growth hormones has not helped in the anti-doping campaigns.The most recent technology in performance enhancing is the ionized shirts known as ionX developed in New Zealand. These shirts are made of fabrics containing negative ions which are believed to improve performance when ionization takes place after contact with the body. Ionized shirts have not been classified as doping and investigations are still being carried out to determine the chemistry behind them.The Speedo LZR racer swimsuits are said to be a form of technological doping. It came as a surprise when thirty eight world records were set within months of Speedo's introduction of their swimsuits. It was also said that remarkably average swimmers displayed higher speeds than would be expected.Gene doping is another technology where athletes and other sportsmen and women use genetic modification in order to enhance their performance.Also known as genetic engineering, this is a technique where genes are inserted into cells to produce certain defects such as correction of genetic errors. In athletics genes are modified to alter the functioning of the cells such that the genes inserted help the athlete perform better (Tamburrini and Tannsjo, 2005).This usually happens in terms of enhanced muscle developments. Gene modification was added to the list of prohibited methods and substances by the International Olympic Committee. However, technology required to perform tests of determining genetic modification in athletes are quite complex. WADA is still doing more research to fight this advanced doping method.

Aging differences in the brain infant to teenager Research Paper

Aging differences in the brain infant to teenager - Research Paper Example Aging differences in the brain infant to teenager:Human brain undergoes a lot of changes from infancy to teenage.This paper tends to study the developmental pattern of human brain from childhood to the teenage.According to a team of researchers from the Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis,the regions of brain used in performing word tasks are different between infants and teenagers.Results of their study suggest that the integrity of white matter microstructure affects the cognitive changes that take place with the process of aging.The study also estimated the sensitivity of DTI towards the microstructural changes in the brain which are distinct from the volumetric changes.The link between the white matter microstructure and the age was found to be more prolonged as compared to the link between the white matter microstructure,executive function and the memory.The processing speed’s link with the white matter microstructure was found to be the largest in extent in the cognitive domains.One study determined alike levels of activation in some regions of the brain like frontal lobe regions in both infants and teenagers as they performed the tasks. Paradoxically,the research conducted on the development of human brain has conventionally shown a slow pattern of maturity of the frontal lobe (Schlaggar cited in Physorg, 2005).The perception of experts about the under-use of frontal lobes in children as compared to adults is a result of the very protracted development. Nonetheless, the recent research has determined like functionality of the frontal lobes in children as well as adults. We were surprised by the locations of many of the similarities and differences. We found that a few brain regions 'grow up', that is are used more frequently as we mature. Other regions 'grow down', or become less active, and some appear to stay the same across these ages. (Tim Brown cited in Physorg, 2005). Another surprising result that Brown found in the researc h was earlier maturity of the frontal brain regions than the regions at the back which was in contrast to the information derived from the earlier structural data. The results were obtained with the help of recent development in the fMRI scanning. Previously, the fMRI scanner images were taken over a long time period. That way, the brain activity could be studied by the researchers, but they were not able to discern the brain’s reaction to a particular stimulus. The research conducted by Brown and his colleagues, the event-related fMRI method was employed in which snapshots at a distance of three seconds from one another were taken. Using them, the researchers were able to see the activated parts of the brain upon stimulation by the tasks of word generation. According to Bergen (2000), there is a consensus of most researchers upon the facts about the development of brain in infants and toddlers some of which are discussed here. As much as 60 per cent of the human genes before birth is used up in the development of brain. Human brain at the time of birth is completed only up to 25 per cent. The working of brain is integrative and interactive. Human brain is like a jungle, all of whose parts are richly interconnected. Well developed structures in the brain show sensitivity to the language comprehension and production and various emotional and social responses. 75 per cent of development in the brain occurs after the birth. The structure and performance of brain in the adulthood depends, to much an extent, upon the experiences gained in the early years of life. The first structures which develop in the brain

Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Globalisation - Essay Example Consequently, it has made a resounding effect on the picturesque of mankind playing a pivotal role in the social aspect and thereby making drastic changes in the welfare of the civilisation of mankind. Hence, globalisation can be referred as a process of amalgamation through which exchange of world views, products, ideas and different facets of cultures takes place (Lee & Vivarelli, 2006). Based on this context, the paper will be concentrated on explaining the concept of globalisation as an on-going phenomenon by critically discussing the major features of the terminology. Emphasising on the vividness of the term ‘globalisation’, an explanation will also be provided in the discussion henceforth, elaborating the theoretical context of the phenomenon. Concept of Globalisation Globalisation can be referred as one of the major outcomes of the continuous expansion of trade activities and exchanges taking place since ages in the progressively integrated and borderless internat ional economy. There have been extraordinary developments in the trade and exchange related activities, through services, production functions and also through the interaction of currencies in the capital movements (Ojeili & Hayden, 2006). Consequently, globalisation has emerged as one of the revolving strata, opening the doors in the international economy and leading towards the assimilation in relation to markets on a global basis. Although the phenomenon is much debated and illustrated in the economic sphere of the world economy, it has also been playing a crucial role in influencing the social sphere of mankind, interrelating and apparently comparing one culture with another. This also provides a broader scope of harmony and uniformity within the global social atmosphere. Hence, it is on the basis of these rudiments that globalisation has often been regarded as a ‘mega-phenomenon’ rather than a mere change process (Stefanovic, 2008; Houghton & Sheehan, 2000). It is in this context that globalisation process is often argued to facilitate ways for trade liberalisation as well as economic liberalisation heading towards the reduction of conservative and monopolistic trade contributing largely in the development of a liberal world. The description provided by Archibugi & Iammarino (2002) further illustrates that â€Å"the pace of globalisation and that of technological change have in fact been strictly interrelated and, from a long-term perspective, it appears less important to establish which one should be considered responsible for triggering the other rather than to establish that they mutually enforced each other† (pp. 99). Hence, globalisation can also termed as a change driver in today’s context. For instance, globalisation have often been observed to influences changes within organisations, economies, as well as social environment of various cultures facilitating technological changes through resource mobilisation rendering gre ater chances for innovation and development. Another vital dimension of globalisation, which has often been identified in its conceptual framework, is its role to augment better communication within the various participants. Contextually, the major communicators or drivers of globalisation have

Legal Memo with Blue Book formatted Citations Research Paper

Legal Memo with Blue Book formatted Citations - Research Paper Example However, their cars were towed from the scene of the accident, and junked afterwards. These events bring up the issue of destruction of evidence; for that, Mary would like to file legal claims against the insurance company of her car, for trashing the car before she could be able to file charges and sue the car manufacturer for faulty brakes. Destruction of evidence; spoliation as it is known, has different statutes that govern it in different states of the United States of America. As a result, of this, it is extremely vital that the client knows what she is dealing with before taking the first step towards legal justice. Rules The state of Michigan has several rules the govern situations of destruction of evidence. The Tort of Spoliation is one of the rules applicable in this scenario. Under this law, the state of Michigan does not recognize destruction of evidence as a separate tort. Panich v. Iron Wood Prods. Corp., 445 N.W.2d 795 Mich. Ct. App. (1989). Michigan considers destruc tion of evidence – if the correct facts are available - as an actionable tort claim. Wilson v. Sinai Grace Hosp., 2004 WL 915044 Mich. App. LEXIS (2004). Another rule applicable in spoliation of evidence case is presumption or adverse inference. In Michigan, destruction of evidence is governed by a jury instruction, M. Civ. J.I.2d 6.01(d). This provides that a person trying the case facts may infer the evidence that has not been offered in this case might be injurious to the offending party if (1) such evidence is/was under the control of the offending party; (2) the offending party could have produced such evidence; or (3) there is no reasonable grounds to support failure for disclosure of such evidence. A permissible inference is allowed when these three features are shown. The inference is such that the evidence would have been injurious to the offending party. The person trying the case facts, however, is free to determine this issue for itself. Lagalo v. Allied Corp., 59 2 N.W.2d 786, 789 Mich. Ct. App. LEXIS (1999). In cases where evidence of willful destruction exists, it is presumed that the evidence that was not produced may have been injurious to the offending party. When it has been left un-rebutted, a conclusion that such evidence may have been injurious to the offending party is required for this presumption. Trupiano v. Cully, 84 N.W.2d 747, 748 Mich. (1957). In general, failure of a party to produce evidence or deliberate destruction of evidence by a party is presumed by courts that such evidence may have worked against the party responsible for its destruction or its non-production. Johnson v. Secretary of State, 406 Mich. 420, 440, 280 N.W.2d 9 Mich. (1979); Berryman v. K Mart Corp., 193 Mich. App. LEXIS 88, 101, 483 N.W.2d 642 Mich. (1992); Ritter v. Meijer, Inc., 128 Mich. App. LEXIS 783, 786, 341 N.W.2d 220 Mich. (1983). Therefore, in Michigan, such a presumption can only arise when the complaining party is able to establish that ther e was intentional, fraudulent conduct, and a desire for destruction of evidence with the aim of suppressing the truth. Trupiano v. Cully, 349 Mich. 568, 570, 84 N.W.2d 747 Mich. (1957), quoting 20 Am. Jur., Evidence, Â § 185, p. 191; see also Lagalo v. Allied Corp., 233 Mich. App. 514, 520, 592 N.W.2d 786 Mich. (1999). Analysis In this case, it is factual that Mary Jane Plaine was driving at a considerable acceptable speed when she was involved in an accident. It is also a fact that the

Traditional Chinese Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Traditional Chinese Law - Essay Example For instance, some historians and legal analyst explains that the advancement of traditional Chinese legal system is defined by the confucianization of law, while some argues that China has Confucian foundation legal account1. In fact, this concept played a significant role in developing the ancient Chinese legal system, the legal success of Tang and numerous dynasties that later contributed highly to the development of the contemporary laws. Furthermore, even though there is little explicit evidence linking China’s imperial and modern laws, the impacts of Confucian philosophy and ethos is readily obvious in the modified and transformed Chinese legal culture2. An Introduction to Confucianism Confucius (Kong Fuzi) who lectured at an era of pronounced social disorder during the Seventh Century B.C., on the foundation of the traditional approaches and principles, particularly as prescribed by the ancient Zhou (Chou) rulers or as documented in their deeds (3.14), convention li, wh ich implies numerous effects, but specifically, denial of the eternal and operative normativity of official and sanction. Confucius essentially champions social and political order via a procedure of persuasion and instance, which can be got from the concept of Confucian Viewpoint that defines the human treatment of the emperor. For example, when it postulates that the moral strength of a gentleman is likened to wind, while that of a common man is compared to grass. According to Confucius, human nature is kind, therefore, he prefers personal-cultivation and education as the way by which people should be directed. In essence, he underpins that people should be guided by virtue is emphasized for benefits, values and compromise so as to prevent any kind of friction and form a perfect universe of peace and harmony in which the proper coexistence of human and nature can be noted. Confucius’ approaches towards law can be easily be got from Analects as can be supported by the phrase when he says â€Å" I could adjudge lawsuits just like any other person. However, I would love to make lawsuits needless†. This is because, the people ought to be motivated positively by li, conduct themselves in a correct way as punishment is nothing but a source of making people shameless. Confucius similarly encourages the human relationship between the leader and the subjects and also between families. On the contrary, the legalists maintains that human beings can coexist in a society harmoniously only when the offenses are handle by prompt punishments and underpins state powers and control instead of championing morality3. The law which at times is called (fa), as their entity is discouragement, enforces severe penalty for failure to adhere with the responsibilities levied by the government and the moral concerns are rigorously exempted in the conduct of the state. Confucianism and legalism had co-occurred, with uneven effect and conflicts in the entire China history. A fter being implemented as a national ideology, the Confucians, on one side recognized the superiority of li to fa, which subsequently, as a result of being Confucianized, played a subservient role to li4. The spirit and at times the real necessities of the Confucian li were integrated into

GW Restaurant Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

GW Restaurant Project - Essay Example Gantt, an American engineer and social scientist. There are now many other PM tools available, for project design, analysis, control, and decision-making, such as Microsoft Project 2002. The ultimate goal of the project is successful establishment of the new restaurant named GW Restaurant. The project is important for expansion of George Wright's empire. Team has become an increasingly important part of business success. Efficient people management can lead the project to good result, while inefficient one often becomes the main reason for project failure. Therefore a great responsibility is incumbent on project manager. The project manager has sole responsibility and authority for project and contract direction and control, however he or she may delegate single or multiple responsibilities. A Project Management Plan is commonly used to document key management parameters in a central location and is updated throughout the project focusing on recognition of changes in program planning and management of those changes. (WBDG Project Management Committee 2005) As Gray and Larson write, projects must have a defined endpoint - this is contrary to the ongoing duties and responsibilities of traditional jobs. (Gray, C.F. and Larson, E.W. 2000, p.2) Duration of the GW Restaurant Project is 52 days; it starts 1st October 2005 and finishes 9th December 2005. All project participants are working without overtime. I think that absence of overtime produces more effective and qualitative work of personnel. Also if something goes wrong, it would be possible to make the team work on weekend and in that way to keep time limits. The time schedule for the project is built based on the Work Breakdown Structure. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is used to provide a... As the report declar the ultimate goal of the project is successful establishment of the new restaurant named GW Restaurant. The project is important for expansion of George Wright’s empire. Team has become an increasingly important part of business success. Efficient people management can lead the project to good result, while inefficient one often becomes the main reason for project failure. Therefore a great responsibility is incumbent on project manager. The project manager has sole responsibility and authority for project and contract direction and control, however he or she may delegate single or multiple responsibilities. According to the report findings a Project Management Plan is commonly used to document key management parameters in a central location and is updated throughout the project focusing on recognition of changes in program planning and management of those changes. The time schedule for the project is built based on the Work Breakdown Structure. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is used to provide a framework for breaking the GW Restaurant Project into Stages and Activities and then organizing them in a logical way. The critical path is a sequence of activities through a project network from start to finish, the sum of whose durations determines the overall project duration.

Company Valuation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Company Valuation - Essay Example On the other hand, non-merging firms had a strikingly better record than merging firms from the standpoint of the original shareholders. Further analysis suggested that firms engaging in pure conglomerate type mergers grew most rapidly, while firms engaging in pure internal growth grew most profitable, although growth by conglomerate type merger was more profitable than growth by other types of merger. Merger tends to be for growth, not for profitability. However, also merger is the result of the internal and external pressures and opportunities confronting the firm. Changes in the environment in which a firm has been operating may include merger by competitors and may cause the firm's managers to experience increased uncertainty. This increased uncertainty produces a desire to merge in order to reduce uncertainty. Merger occurs if the desire to merger is accompanied by managerial ability and willingness to carry through an actual merger. Two processes are at work. Mergers occur when the relationship between firms and their environment is disturbed by changes in latter. They have suggested that the amount of competition that is acceptable is limits. Aaronovitch and Sawyer have advocated an approach to merger that "the costs of rivalry" generated by the process of oligopolistic rivalry which fall on the firms involved and would be reduced if rivalry were reduced .The costs in question are those of undesired excess capacity, research and development and promotion and marketing. The major destabilising force to which Aaronovitch and Sawyer have drawn attention is the intensification of international competition. They have examined the relationship b-n indices of international competitiveness and merger activity. The expectation that there would be more mergers the worse the balance on current account and the higher the level of imports was confirmed. No generally agreed theory has been developed. The profit and growth maximisation hypotheses has been recast in terms of their effect on share prices and hence the probability of takeover. Interest on the effects of merger has for the most part been motivated by welfare considerations, although more recently their role in shaping the longer term evolution of the socioeconomic system. Cook and Cohen have pinpointed the general difficulty in the introduction to their detailed case studies: "mergers are a reaction to a changing situation. Judgement depends upon comparing the effects of what actually happened with the effects of what might have happened. Sensitivity analysis is the process of varying the assumptions underlying a decision to determine the decision's sensitivity to those assumptions. It enables managers to assess how responsive NPV is to changes in key variables that are used to calculate it (Drury 1996). Some of the factors that influence the NPV of multinationals are taxes, exchange rates, estimating the terminal value of a project using different methodologies, political risk and the real operating options (Buckley 2000). NPV is calculated using the estimated

A Prescriptive Agenda for School Restructuring Essay

A Prescriptive Agenda for School Restructuring - Essay Example In their study School Restructuring as a Policy Agenda, Mussoline and Shouse (2001) highlights this relationship - between school restructuring and their consequent effect - by asking, "[t]o what extent should one expect the technical reforms linked to restructuring to produce consistent achievement effects across all types of schools" (p. 45). Taking a similar position, this essay will argue that school restructuring will not be successful, especially in less affluent schools with low socioeconomic status, if restructuring practices are reduced to a list of prescriptive policy agendas imposed upon schools due to the effect contextual factors have on the success and eventual outcome of restructuring. Looking into the literature of school reform, there has been numerous practice identified by different schools of thought outlining ways for restructuring schools. From such literature, it is apparent that each restructuring practice have its own set of requirements for successful implementation. On the other hand, each school also has its own set of organizational and instructional characteristics that determine its ability to implement changes within the overall school structure which affect the effectiveness of school restructuring (p. 47). ... and Murphy's study entitled "The Social contest of Effective Schools," Mussoline and Shouse identifies principal-teacher relations, decision-making, and parental involvement as factors that distinguishes a school's organizational and instructional capabilities (Mussoline and Shouse, 2001, 47). These factors also distinguish schools between high and low socioeconomic statuses (SES). According to Shouse, given the distinction between schools with low and high SES, there are certain kinds of restructuring practices that did not yield the same beneficial results when implemented in low SES schools if compared to schools with high SES (p. 48). Contextual factors therefore have a hand in altering the effects of restructuring practices among schools with low SES. Hence, it is only logical to conclude that prescribing a single policy agenda for school restructuring may not be beneficial for the school system, in general, and for low SES schools, in particular, if not all schools can positive ly benefit from the prescribed restructuring practices. Contextual factors have significant effects on school restructuring in two ways: first, given the lack of social resources among low SES schools, these schools do not have the necessary safety nets present among high SES schools that reduces the risks of flawed, poorly executed, or highly complex instructional practices (p. 49). As Mussoline and Shouse argues, schools with high SES have more responsive students that increases the positive effects from restructured practices, especially those that prescribe constructivist and student-centered reforms. In addition, the academically oriented support structures present in these communities also helps reinforce the restructuring practices being implemented. Together, student

International marketing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International marketing assignment - Essay Example Saudi Arabia has also been partly affected by the Arab unrest. Saudi Arabia has literacy levels of about 84% (Askari 73). This is the highest in the Middle East. Arabic is the official and the most widely used language in Saudi Arabia. However, it is interesting to note that English is widely used in the business field. The government has also made English as the second compulsory language in schools. Islam is the official religion. The Islam sharia also rules the country, and all citizens are Muslims (Shoult 87). Most of the media houses use Arabic. However, some media outlets run in English. The wide use of in English has affected business in Saudi Arabia positively (Shoult 67). This has encouraged businessmen from all over the world to invest in Saudi Arabia. Islam strongly affects the culture of Saudi Arabia. However, the Saudi Arabian government has come up with a short course that guides foreigners on how to do business in the country (Shoult 54). The language used in the media will help a company come up with a marketing technique that does not violate the cultural beliefs of the people of Saudi Arabia and also ensures the advertisement reaches a huge number of people. Therefore, the company has to use the most widely used language for advertisement

Duties of Students Essay Example for Free

Duties of Students Essay The responsibilities of students include: preparing a programme of work at appropriate intervals in each academic year in consultation with supervisors and ensuring that any deviation from the programme is reported without delay to the supervisors; Discussing with the supervisors the type of guidance and comment they find most helpful and agreeing a schedule of meetings; taking the initiative in raising problems or difficulties, however basic they may seem; maintaining the progress of the work in accordance with the stages agreed with the supervisors, including the presentation of written material as required in sufficient time to allow for comments and discussion before proceeding to the next stage; informing the supervisors of impending requirements related to expenditure within the budget; providing a formal annual report to the Faculty Graduate Research Committee (RD 47 form). And other progress reports as required; completing a Training Needs Analysis and maintaining a Personal Development Plan using the facilities provided by the University; attendance at the post-graduate training modules in Research Methods offered by the Faculty or centrally provided in collaboration with the Graduate School; attendance at the programme of personal skills training for post-graduate researchers offered by the Graduate School; planning when they intend to submit their thesis, taking due account of the opinion of their supervisors; Before submission, clearing any laboratory area in which they have been working, including the safe disposal of surplus chemicals and other materials; maintaining a repository of all primary data concerned with the research programme, either in notebooks or computer disk or machine print-outs, for retention until any publications from the thesis have completed the relevant peer review cycles; writing the thesis is the students own responsibility. Students are expected to have a good command of the English language. Students are strongly advised to show drafts of their thesis to the supervisors so that the appropriate advice and comments may be given well ahead of the date for formal submission; student representation on the Faculty Graduate Research Committee is important, so you should ensure that you know who your representative is. It is important to keep written records of the work done, progress with related studies and outcomes from supervisory meetings. Together with the written reports to supervisors and, of course, any publications in conferences and journals, these notes are invaluable for the preparation of the transfer report and in writing the final thesis.

A Comparison Of Machiavelli And Hobbes Politics Essay

A Comparison Of Machiavelli And Hobbes Politics Essay Machiavelli and Hobbes were the most important political philosophers of early modernity. Politically, modernitys earliest phase starts with  Niccolà ³ Machiavellis works which openly rejected the medieval and Aristotelian style of analyzing politics by comparison ideas about how things should be, in favor of realistic analysis of how things really are. He also proposed that an aim of politics is to control ones own chance or fortune, and that relying upon providence actually leads to evil. Machiavelli argued, for example, that violent divisions within political communities are unavoidable, but can also be a source of strength which law-makers and leaders should account for and even encourage in some ways.  [1]   Machiavellis recommendations were sometimes influential upon kings and princes, but eventually came to be seen as favoring free republics over monarchies. Machiavelli in turn influenced  Francis Bacon,  Marchamont Needham,  Harrington,  John Milton,  David Hume, and many others.  [2]   Important modern political doctrines which stem from the new Machiavellian realism include  Mandevilles influential proposal that Private Vices by the dexterous Management of a skilful Politician may be turned into Public Benefits (the last sentence of his  Fable of the Bees), and also the doctrine of a constitutional separation of powers in government, first clearly proposed by  Montesquieu. Both these principles are enshrined within the  constitutions  of most  modern democracies. It has been observed that while Machiavellis realism saw a value to war and political violence, his lasting influence has been tamed so that useful conflict was deliberately converted as much as possible to formalized political struggles and the economic conflict encouraged between free, private enterprises.  [3]   As I said in the first paragraph of this essay I will start with  Thomas Hobbes, attempts were made to use the methods of the new modern physical sciences, as proposed by  Bacon  and  Descartes, applied to humanity and politics. Notable attempts to improve upon the methodological approach of Hobbes include those of  Locke,  Spinoza,  Giambattista Vico  and Rousseau.  David Hume  made what he considered to be the first proper attempt at trying to apply Bacons scientific method to political subjects, rejecting some aspects of the approach of Hobbes.  [4]   Modernist republicanism openly influenced the foundation of republics during the  Dutch Revolt  (1568-1609),  English Civil War  (1642-1651),  American Revolution  (1775-1783) and the  French Revolution  (1789-1799 A second phase of modernist political thinking begins with Rousseau, who questioned the natural rationality and sociality of humanity and proposed that  human nature  was much more malleable than had been previously thought. By this logic, what makes a good political system or a good man is completely dependent upon the chance path whole person has taken over history. This thought influenced the political (and aesthetic) thinking of  Immanuel Kant,  Edmund Burke  and others and led to a critical review of modernist politics. On the conservative side, Burke argued that this understanding encouraged caution and avoidance of radical change. However more ambitious movements also developed from this insight into human  culture, initially  Romanticism  and  Historicism, and eventually both the  Communism  of  Karl Marx, and the modern forms of  nationalism  inspired by the  French Revolution, including, in one extreme, the German  Nazi  movement. Francis Bacon inspired by Machiavelli Francis Bacon (1561-1626) was one of the leading figures in natural philosophy and in the field of scientific methodology in the period of transition from the Renaissance to the early modern era. As a lawyer, member of Parliament, and Queens Counsel, Bacon wrote on questions of law, state and religion, as well as on contemporary politics; but he also published texts in which he speculated on possible conceptions of society, and he pondered questions of ethics (Essays) even in his works on natural philosophy (The Advancement of Learning).  [5]   After his studies at Trinity College, Cambridge and Grays Inn, London, Bacon did not take up a post at a university, but instead tried to start a political career. Although his efforts were not crowned with success during the era of Queen Elizabeth, under James I he rose to the highest political office, Lord Chancellor. Bacons international fame and influence spread during his last years, when he was able to focus his energies exclusively on his philosophical work, and even more so after his death, when English scientists of the Boyle circle (Invisible College) took up his idea of a cooperative research institution in their plans and preparations for establishing the Royal Society.  [6]   Bacons method for permeating his philosophical ideas into the collective unconscious of the age can best be summarised in his motto: bene visit qui bene latuit One lives best by the hidden life. Bacon resurrected the Rosicrucian Mystery School and the Freemasons, and injected new life into these secret fraternity societies so they became vehicles for the new Baconian philosophy of reason and scientific enquiry. Bacon, like Goethe, scorned knowledge that did not lead to action and also scorned the denial of evil in ourselves. Bacon was grateful to Machiavelli for his frank appraisal of the shadow side of human nature in politics: We are beholden to Machiavelli, and writers of that kind, who openly and unmasked declare what men do in fact, and not what they ought to do; for it is impossible to join the wisdom of the serpent and the innocence of the dove, without the precious knowledge of the nature of evil.  Bacons works touch on all aspects of humanity politics, religion, theology , scientific method, but his most brilliant observations are psychological. Foreshadowing the discoveries by Carl Jung about the nature of the unconscious and the shadow side of man, Bacon recognized that the baseness of man should be recognized and dealt with openly, not repressed and personified as the devil.  [7]   In modern political vernacular, Bacon was a conservative. He saw an ideal Government as one which was benevolent without the worst excesses of despotism by rulers, or by the majority the same as Machiavelli. It is almost without instance that any government was unprosperous under learned governors.  Ã‚  [8]   In science, Bacon sought nothing less than the reconstruction of a system that could be applied to the relief of mans suffering. He constructed a new Classification of Science (The Advancement of Learning, 1603-05), described a new method for the Interpretation of Nature (Things Thought and Seen, 1607, Thread of the Labyrinth, 1606, Novum Organum, 1608-20). He investigated the phenomena of nature in Natural History (1622), and showed how the writers of the past had advanced their truths to the time of Bacon in Forest of Forests, published in 1624. Bacon recorded anticipations of scientific results he felt would come from application of his methods in On Origins (1621). As a result of applying these principles, he described the basis of a new society that would emerge in The New Atlantis (1624). This Magna Instauratio, the great reconstruction, was inspired by the vision Bacon had in his youth, and was a herculean task without precedent in the history of thought. As Bacon stated in th e preface to Magna Instauratio. and I am laboring to lay the foundation not of any sect or doctrine, but of utility and power. To Bacon, Knowledge is power, not mere argument or ornament. In Advancement of Learning, Bacon suggested that all areas of life had rational rules and an empirical basis: medicine, psychology, even dreams, predictions and other occult phenomena. Yet he comes full circle at the end of this survey, concluding that science needs to be guided by philosophy. Bacon applies this to politics.  [9]   Comparison Hobbes and Machiavelli on Human Nature Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), whose current reputation rests largely on his political philosophy, was a thinker with wide-ranging interests. In philosophy, he defended a range of materialist, nominalist, and empiricist views against Cartesian and Aristotelian alternatives. In physics, his work was influential on Leibniz, and leads him into disputes with Boyle and the experimentalists of the early Royal Society. In history, he translated Thucydidess  History of the Peloponnesian War  into English, and later wrote his own history of the Long Parliament. In mathematics he was less successful, and is best remembered for his repeated unsuccessful attempts to square the circle. But despite that, Hobbes was a serious and prominent participant in the intellectual life of his time.  [10]   Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli shared a commonality in the time period in which they each lived. Separated by approximately 100 years, both thinkers were focusing on political theory. Hobbes theory tended to focus on the social contract between a people and its government. Machiavellis theory focused on the attributes that formed a successful ruler. Examining both theories, a comparison is evident in that Machiavelli and Hobbes both seem to discuss the human nature of society. In Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes views human nature as individual self-preservation and as a place of constant war. There is a constant struggle between men. What causes this conflict amongst men? Hobbes believes that competition and glory causes war between men. He says, If two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies to destroy one another. He concludes that self-preservation is the only way to safeguard from being destroyed. The only way to preserve one is to become more powerful than the other. Government must also be instituted to ensure peace and security through whatever means necessary. Hobbes believes that life without government would be poor, nasty, brutish and short.  Ã‚  [11]   In the Prince, Machiavelli views human nature as pertaining to those who are ruled and those who rule. He promoted a secular society and believed that morality stood in the way. He distrusts people and believes that in a time of adversity, when the state is in need of its citizens there are few to be found. He questions the loyalty of the citizens. Because of this, he advises the Prince that, because men are wretched creatures who would not keep their word to you, you need keep your word to them. Machiavelli believed that the secular form of government to be the most successful. His views were to benefit the prince by maintaining power rather to serve the well being of the citizens. Hobbes and Machiavelli both have interesting ideas on Human Nature. Both of their ideas also contain an evident theme. The theme is the usage of fear as a means acquiring power and maintaining it. The theme of fear is not illustrated in great detail in Hobbes work as it is in Machiavellis. Nevertheless an interesting comparison can be drawn between the two.  Ã‚  [12]   Hobbes believes that people naturally fear death. The easiest and safest way to avoid death was to create a centralized state. An autocracy would ensure the universal desire for life. According to Hobbes, people would give up their power collectively to one ruler. In turn, the people would shut up and do what they were told. The only right they would have would be the right not to be killed. They would live under a tyrannical ruler who had all powers to decide good and evil for the people. He believes that fear is essential to maintain power and authority of the people. This is evident in his text with, And covenants, without the sword are but words, and strength to secure a man at all.  [13]   Machiavelli poises the question to the Prince is it better to be loved than feared or vice versa He addresses this question in regards to what benefits a ruler more. He concludes that a prince cannot be both feared and loved. Machiavelli believes that it is better to be feared by the citizens. This is seen as an economy of violence in which fear is used by violence to invoke a lasting impression on the people. This economy must happen at the beginning on an event where the timing is equally important. The violent act must be made into a spectacle done in the open where people can see and judge. People judge by appearances, so what they see will affect their mentality. The more violent the act the more fearful the individual will be of the same act upon them. Fear in a sense is used by both authors to train the people. It must be instilled upon them in order to maintain a successful regime. It is like the training of an animal. The master must instill on the animal that he is in charg e. If he does not then the animal will overpower the master. The master must make the animal afraid of him by punishing it when it does wrong. Eventually the animal will realize who is in control.  Ã‚  [14]   Spinoza and Machiavelli ideas. Spinoza is one of the most important philosophers-and certainly the most radical-of the early modern period. His thought combines a commitment to Cartesian metaphysical and epistemological principles with elements from ancient Stoicism and medieval Jewish rationalism into a nonetheless highly original system. His extremely naturalistic views on God, the world, the human being and knowledge serve to ground a moral philosophy centered on the control of the passions leading to virtue and happiness. They also lay the foundations for a strongly democratic political thought and a deep critique of the pretensions of Scripture and sectarian religion. Of all the philosophers of the seventeenth-century, perhaps none have more relevance today than Spinoza.  [15]   Spinozas political thought draws from a number of sources, both classical and modern. As one commentator puts it, Spinoza formed new conclusions from facts and concepts borrowed from others. It is worth briefly considering some of the sources of the facts and concepts that he inherits.  [16]   At some point in the mid-1650s. Spinoza began studying Latin with Franciscus Van den Enden. Van den Enden was an ex-Jesuit and radical egalitarian with revolutionary tendencies. He was put to death in 1674 after having been found guilty of conspiring to depose Louis XIV in order to establish a free republic in Normandy. Van dan Enden was an anti-clerical democrat who appears to have profoundly influenced Spinoza. One commentator has gone so far as to call Van den Enden the genius behind Spinoza, claiming that Van den Endens writings contains a political theory which is in fact the same as the one worked out by Spinoza. Whether or not this assessment is fair, it is clear that Spinozas thinking was nourished through his association with Van den Enden and the larger radical Cartesian circle in Amsterdam.  [17]   Hobbes influence on Spinoza is unmistakable. We know that Spinoza read  De Cive  carefully and that it was among his possessions when he died in 1677. He might also have read  Leviathan, which appeared in Latin in 1668, as Spinoza was completing the TTP, although we do not know this for sure. I will discuss Spinozas work in relationship to Machiavelli in some detail below. Here I want to mention the impact of Machiavellian on Spinoza. Machiavellian thought was introduced into Dutch political discourse by Lambert van Velthuysen, an anti-clerical, liberal physician. Velthuysens Dissertatio  is an unabashed defense of Machiavelli thought, in which the duty to preserve one is given pride of place. Spinoza read and admired Velthuysen as a man of exceptional sincerity of mind, and was thus disconcerted when Velthuysen denounced the TTP as the work of a cunning atheist.  [18]   Aside from Velthuysen, the other primary Dutch conduits for Machiavellian thought prior to Spinoza were the De la Court brothers. Most of the De la Courts writings were published by Pieter De la Court after the death of his brother Johan in 1660. However, because it remains unclear how much Pieter added and how much he profited off his studious younger brother, I will refer to these authors of these writings simply as the De la Courts, so as to avoid attribution problems. The De la Courts were ardent republicans who maintained good relations with Johan De Witt. Indeed, De Witt is thought to have written two chapters in the second edition of their book  Interest van Holland. The De la Courts adopted the basic features of Machiavellian anthropology, but eschewed juridical concepts like right and contract, opting to analyze the civil condition in terms of the competing interests of participants. According to them, the aim of the state is to ensure that the interests of rulers are tied to the interests of the ruled, which is possible only if one adopts a series of institutional measures, such as the use of blind balloting, the removal of hereditary posts, and the rotation of offices. Republics, they argued, will be marked by greater checks against self-interested legislation than monarchies. Spinoza evidently studied these works carefully; his institutional recommendations in the  Tractatus Politicus.  [19]   It was likely the writings of the De la Courts that impressed upon Spinoza the perspicacity of Niccolo Machiavelli. The notion of balancing the interests of competing parties was ultimately derived from Machiavelli. Spinozas  Political Treatise  is shot through with Machiavellian insights and recommendations. Right at the outset of the work, Spinoza parrots Machiavellis critique of utopian theorizing, elevating statesmen over philosophers, since only the latter begin with a realistic conception of human psychology. Machiavellian realism pervades Spinozas political writings, playing a particularly large role in the constitutional theorizing of the TP. Spinoza, like Machiavelli, understood that prescriptions for improving the governance of a state can be offered only after one has a proper diagnosis of the problems and a proper grasp of human nature.  [20]   Machiavelli and Locke John Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704) was a British philosopher, Oxford academic and medical researcher, whose association with Anthony Ashley Cooper (later the First Earl of Shaftesbury) led him to become successively a government official charged with collecting information about trade and colonies, economic writer, opposition political activist, and finally a revolutionary whose cause ultimately triumphed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Much of Lockes work is characterized by opposition to authoritarianism. This opposition is both on the level of the individual person and on the level of institutions such as government and church. For the individual, Locke wants each of us to use reason to search after truth rather than simply accept the opinion of authorities or be subject to superstition. He wants us to proportion assent to propositions to the evidence for them. On the level of institutions it becomes important to distinguish the legitimate from the illegitimate functions of institu tions and to make the corresponding distinction for the uses of force by these institutions. The positive side of Lockes anti-authoritarianism is that he believes that using reason to try to grasp the truth, and determining the legitimate functions of institutions will optimize human flourishing for the individual and society both in respect to its material and spiritual welfare. This in turn, amounts to following natural law and the fulfillment of the divine purpose for humanity.  [21]   John Locke and Niccolo Machiavelli are political philosophers writing in two different lands and two different times. Lockes 17th century England was on the verge of civil war and Machiavellis 15th century Italy was on the verge of invasion. The focus of this part of my essay is to examine the treatment of the people by both authors, to discover what Machiavelli and Locke write about the peoples role in their different structures of government. In particular, this paper seeks to understand that role in regards to the political power each author yields to, or withholds from, the people. In addition, these treatments of power and the people will be compared to the writings of another timeless political philosopher, Plato. By Discourses on Livy, The Prince, and The Republic against one another, this paper will show how writers from three very different centuries all agreed upon an identical notion of the relationship between the power of the people and their role in government. This the ory is not readily apparent upon initial reading of these authors. Indeed, most political philosophers would argue that each author has a very distinct notion of what role the people play in government. Therefore, an ideal place to start is in the differences of each authors portrayal of the people and the political power they wield. Machiavelli, the most pessimistic of the three writers in regards to humans and human nature, writes that all men can be accused of that defect which Livy calls vanity and inconsistency. He continues by writing: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦people are nothing other than a brute animal that, although of a ferocious and feral nature, has always been nourished in prison and in servitude.  [22]   Animals, that are by their nature ferocious, become scared and confused when released from captivity. Without the shelter and food they had come to expect when domesticated, they are more susceptible to future attempts at captivity. Man also becomes scared and confused in freedom after living under the government of others. Machiavelli writes that these men lack understanding of public defense or public offense, and quickly return beneath the yoke that is most often heavier than the one it had removed from its neck a little before. Men are docile like domesticated dogs or cattle, according to this description, and have a role in government of little political power. With Plato, there is a continuation of the same theme started by Machiavelli.  [23]   The oligarchic rule the city through the license of the multitude, and the orderly rule in business through the disadvantage of the multitude. Thus, Machiavelli sees the people as subjugated and Plato sees the people as fatuous, both doomed to political ineptitude. With Locke, however, the character of the people is redeemed. The people, for Locke, represent a political power akin to force. Indeed, the people are the ultimate source of power for Lockes government, whether that government is a legislative body or a prince. In the closing chapter of his second treatise, Locke details the ways that government can dissipate when rulers misuse their power. According to Machiavelli, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the people neither desire to be commanded nor oppressed by the great. In this sense, the people constitute a humor of the city, the opposing humor being the desire of the great to command and oppress the people. A man should be wary of becoming prince with the support of the great instead of the support of the people. Without their support, the prince is doomed to govern either a territory filled with an unmanageable great or a large body of unruly people. Indeed, Machiavelli echoes this in a later chapter by stating à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a prince should have two fears: one within, on account of his subjects; the other outside, on account of external powers.  [24]   In both this text and Lockes Two Treatises, the authors yield an incredible amount of power to the people: the power to both influence the creation of and bring about the destruction of governments. For Machiavelli, the people are a large body of people, viewed as more formidable, and, therefore, more influential, than the great aristocrats in principality building. For Locke, the people exert a similar influence over the building of a commonwealth, since it is from the people that the power of the prince or legislature originates. Moreover, the people can decide to bring about the end of a particular regime of government if they feel that it no longer adheres to its responsibilities. Thus, the people, in both Machiavelli and Locke, appear to share a similar amount of power both in the formation of government and in its oversight: namely, that of adjudication. In the Discourses, Machiavelli writes of a cyclical succession of governments, one after another, each one rising to prominen ce only to fall to licentiousness. It is through this cycle that Machiavelli demonstrates the power of the people to adjudicate, and he argues that it is this adjudication that perpetuates the cycle. Kings rise to prominence based upon character, until the monarchy becomes hereditary and degenerates into sumptuousness and lasciviousness.  [25]   Machiavelli and Locke both considered the nature of government and mans individual interests as they relate to governmental structures. Machiavellis idea of fortune and Lockes state of nature concept both shaped the theorists arguments about the purpose of political life. It has been posited that for Machiavelli, politics is an unpredictable arena in which ambition, deception and violence render the idea of the common good meaningless, while Locke would argue that political or civil society exists only to preserve the rights of the individual. It can be argued that for both Machiavelli and Lock, political activity, then, becomes merely a means of satisfying selfish ends.  Ã‚  [26]   Napoleà ³n Bonaparte a follower of Machiavelli One of the greatest military commanders and a risk taking gambler; a workaholic genius and an impatient short term planner; a vicious cynic who forgave his closest betrayers; a misogynist who could enthrall men; Napoleon Bonaparte was all of these and more, the twice-emperor of France whose military endeavors and sheer personality dominated Europe in person for a decade, and in thought for a century.  [27]   In 1513, Niccolo Machiavelli wrote a piece of work called, The Prince. It was written to all principalities, and that which is parallel to what Machiavelli suggests is often referred to as being Machiavellian. The purpose of this essay is to ask the question Is Napoleon Bonaparte Machiavellian in Nature? By the evidence found from Napoleons life and accomplishments it can said that he was not Machiavellian in nature, which can be demonstrated by numerous accounts as well as some suggested characteristics given by Machiavelli, to support this theory. This essay will take a look at Napoleons leadership skills, his beliefs and ideals, as well as his personality that made him a great political figure. These aspects of Napoleons persona give a description of how his character was different from that in Machiavellis The Prince. In the area of leadership, Napoleon had many qualities that set him apart from the rest. Napoleon was a great leader but at times his people hated him. Machiavelli believed that, one cannot call it virtue to kill ones citizens, betray ones friends, to be without faith, without mercy, without religion; these modes can enable one to acquire an empire, but not glory.  [28]   Machiavelli said, it remains now to see what the modes and government of a prince should be with subjects and with friends. Apparently Napoleon was not a good friend considering when he was exiled the second time his friends that had been with him since the beginning were said to have killed him. Based on this it can be said that Napoleon does not display characteristics of being Machiavellian. Napoleon believed that he would be a much more successful leader if the people liked him. This is thought so because when he was trying to get political support by the people he did not user fear, he found something they all wanted to hear and he said them. Even though Machiavelli said, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is much safer to be feared, then loved, if one has to lack one of the two. Napoleon also tried to make the people like him by setting up the Napoleonic Code, which was a set of laws that gave religious freedom and equality. Another illustration of Napoleons beliefs and, or ideals was, instead of appearing to have Machiavellian characteristics, Napoleon actually had them. Thus it is not necessary for a prince to have all the above mentioned qualities in fact, but it is indeed necessary to appear to have them. Napoleon was actually a feared leader and thought of people as disposable but Machiavelli only said to appear to have these traits. The final area of Napoleons behavior is his p ersonality. Machiavelli stated, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is very natural and ordinary to desire to acquire, and always, when men do it who can, they will be praised and not blamed; but when they cannot, and want to do it anyway, here lie the error and the blame.

Genetic transformation and competence in e. coli when exposed to the green fluorescent protein

Genetic transformation and competence in e. coli when exposed to the green fluorescent protein INTRODUCTION: The goal of this experiment was to successfully insert the plasmid pGLO, which carries genes for resistance to ampicilin and for green fluorescent protein (GFP), into competent E. coli cells thereby genetically transforming E. coli to have those specific traits. Green Fluorescent Protein comes from the jellyfish Aequorea Victoria and it emits green light when excited by blue light and when in the presence of the sugar arabinose. This protein has proven significant as a gene marker as well as other forth coming uses in biochemistry, cell and microbiology (Allison, Sattenstall, 2007). In a study done by Allison and Sattenstall (2007), it was found that introducing GFP into a cell causes changes in the cell physiology that might lead to antimicrobial susceptibility of the cell. This could be of concern because of its widespread use and Allison and Sattenstall urge caution when interpreting data from studies that used GFP (Allison, Sattenstall, 2007). According to Tsen et al., the E. c oli bacteria can naturally transform with inserted plasmids and integrate them without special treatments. As long as the DNA in the plasmids is Concatemeric linear, monomeric circular or supercoiled forms of plasmid, they can transform the E. coli, whereas linear monomer cannot transform it (Tsen, et al., 2002). The uses of green fluorescent protein in competent cells such as E. coli as mentioned before are very useful in gene markers and other studies in biochemistry, cell and microbiology, however, there are still being advances made for GFP. In a study done by Torrado, Iglesias and Mikhailov, techniques were improved in how well cells expressed the GFP gene based on the growing environments (Torrado, Iglesias, Mikhailov, 2008). In our experiment, we postulate that the E. coli will be competent for the pGLO plasmid carrying GFP and resistance to ampicilin. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In this experiment we will be using the plasmid pGLO which has genes for GFP and resistance to ampicilin. In order to force the plasmids into the E. coli cells, we will be using a heat shock treatment. This heat shock treatment causes the pores in the E. coli cell membrane to open, which allows the plasmid pGLO to enter the cell. We will test an E. coli centrifuge tube that has been exposed to pGLO and a centrifuge tube that has not been exposed to pGLO as our control. We labeled two centrifuge tubes with +pGLO and -pGLO to represent which tube carried the plasmid and which was our control, respectively. We first pipette 250 microliters of transformation solution into the tubes and added approximately 2 pen tip sized E. coli colonies. We then added the pGLO plasmids to the tube labeled +pGLO and rested both tubes on ice. The ice will make it so that the heat shock will have a greater affect on the E. coli, thereby increasing our chances of successful entrance of the plasmid. We then applied the heat shock treatment to the two centrifuge tubes by putting them in a 42ÂÂ °C water bath for 50 seconds. Afterward we put them back into the ice bath and prepared to put them into the four prepared agar plates. The four agar plates were split into two sets, two help +pGLO and two held our control -pGLO. The first plate contained just Luria Broth (LB) and 250 microliters of the -pGLO substance. The second control plate was LB with a mix of ampicilin (amp) and -pGLO E. coli solution which will ideally not grow any E. coli because E. coli by itself is not resistant to ampicilin. The third plate is used with +pGLO solution and is another LB/amp plate. The fourth and final plate is another +pGLO plate and contains LB and ampicilin but also arabinose, which is needed for the expression of the GFP. RESULTS: In this experiment, we used heat shock treatment in order to insert the pGLO plasmid into E. coli cells because the plasmid carries the genes that code for green fluorescent protein and ampicilin resistance. After a week of incubation in the refrigerator, we analyzed our four Petri dishes. All plates came out as predicted. Our first control plate (-pGLO E. coli cells) contained Luria Broth and ampicilin and it sustained 0% E. coli cell growth. The second control plate (-pGLO E. coli cells) contained only Luria Broth and there was 100% coverage of the agar plates. The lawn made by the E. coli cells was a whitish clear color in normal light and were not fluorescent green when exposed to UV light. In the two transformation plates, we received positive results matching our predictions. In the first transformation plate (+pGLO E. coli cells) there was a presence of Luria Broth and ampicilin. There were roughly 140 colonies of E. coli cells which was about 60% coverage of the Petri dish. Each of the colonies was an off whitish color under normal light but were not fluorescent green under UV light. The second transformation plate (+pGLO E. coli cells) contained a mixture of Luria Broth, ampicilin and arabinose. This plate had E. coli colony growth but there were only roughly 40 E. coli colonies, making about a 25% coverage of the plate. Again these colonies were whitish in color when exposed to normal light however, they did turn fluorescent green under the UV light. TABLE OF RESULTS: TYPE OF PLATE CONTENTS SKETCH OF PLATE OBSERVATIONS Transformation +pGLO/LB/amp/ara -Growth of Colonies (40 count; 25% coverage) -Whitish color in normal light -Fluorescent green under UV Transformation +pGLO/LB/amp -Growth in Colonies (140 count; 60% coverage) -Whitish color in normal light -No fluorescent green color under UV Control -pGLO/LB/amp -No E. coli growth, E. coli not transformed (0% coverage) Control -pGLO/LB -E. coli growth present (100% coverage) -Whitish color in normal light -No fluorescent color in UV light DISCUSSION: The hypothesis is the following: After heat shock treatment, the competent E. coli cells will receive the plasmid pGLO, and the E. coli cells will be transformed. We predicted that the E. coli cells would take in the plasmid and transform in our two transformation plates. In the -pGLO/LB control plate we predicted that significant growth would happen because there is no antibiotics and only an optimal growing environment. In the -pGLO/LB/amp control plate we predicted that there would be no growth of E. coli because ampicilin is present, an antibiotic that E. coli is not naturally resistant to. In the transformation plate +pGLO/LB/amp we predicted that there would be E. coli growth considering we hypothesized that the plasmid would be accepted by the E. coli cell, thereby giving it ampicilin resistance. In our last transformation plate +pGLO/LB/amp/ara we again expected growth of E. coli since we hypothesized the E. coli cell would be competent for the plasmid. We also expected that this would be the plate to glow fluorescent green since arabinose, the sugar that allows for the glowing, was present in the agar plate. In order for this experiment to show true results, we added the two control plates with different purposes. The first plate contained only Luria Broth, the ideal growing environment for E. coli. This plate was used to make sure that our E. coli cells were healthy and able to grow consistently. If they were unable to grow, that would mean that our cells were unhealthy or contaminated, which would in turn affect the results of our transformation plates. Our results for this plate were that we had healthy E. coli cells since they produced a full lawn. Our second plate was the one with both Luria Broth and ampicilin for the growing environment. We did not have any growth of E. coli on this plate, just as we predicted. This is good because the plasmid we were using to transform the E. coli cells have the gene that causes ampicilin resistance. If our E. coli had been contaminated or already transformed from its non-resistance state, we would see it in this control plate. If we had seen gro wth, we would know that our results for the transformation plates were faulty because our normal E. coli was already resistant. Next we examined our transformation plates. These plates were the ones that we exposed to the pGLO plasmid. Our first plate had Luria Broth and ampicilin, just like our control; however, since we treated this batch with the pGLO plasmid followed by heat shock treatment, we expected to see growth. Our results from this plate did show that the E. coli grew in the ampicilin agar plate, thereby showing how many of the E. coli cells received the plasmid and were able to be genetically transformed. However, under the UV light, the colonies did not glow fluorescent green because of the absence of arabinose. Our second transformation plate had Luria Broth, ampicilin and arabinose. Our results followed our predictions that we would see growth and have the colonies glow under the UV light. This is because the E. coli that took the plasmids were transformed so they showed their new resistance to ampicilin and they showed that when grown in an environment where arabinose is present, the green fl uorescent protein will be expressed. Our results did indeed support our hypothesis because the E. coli were transformed in our transformation plates because we saw that colonies were able to grow in an environment where ampicilin was present and also the green fluorescent protein was expressed in arabinose rich environments. There was an area of weakness in our experiment. The crucial part, the heat shock that opens the cellular membrane pores, could have gone a bit smoother. Our times were not exact due to many groups trying to do this part all at once. Secondly, there is room for error in the consistency of our experiment plates since each member of the group took turns at each stage of the process. In conclusion, the results of our experiment proved our hypothesis that the E. coli cells were competent for the pGLO plasmid. Our results were consistent with our predictions. We found that the E. coli cells can be transformed by the plasmid after our heat shock treatment. Our control plates can out controlled and our transformation plates produced colonies that expressed the GFP gene. SOURCES: Allison, D.G., Sattenstall, M.A. (2007). The Influence of green fluorescent protein incorporation on bacterial physiology: a note of caution. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103(2), 318-324 Suh-Der Tsen, S., Suh-Sen Fang, S., Mei-Jye Chen, S., Jun-Yi Chien, S., Chih-Chun Lee, S., Han-Lin Tsen, D. (2002). Natural Plasmid Transformation in Escherichia coli. Journal of Biomedical Science, 9(3), 246-252. doi:10.1159/000059425. Torrado, M., Iglesias, R., Mikhailov, A.T. (2008). Detection of protein interactions based on gfp fragment complementation by fluorescence microscopy and spectrofluorometry. BioTechniques, 44(1), 70-74.

stem cells :: essays research papers

The history of research on adult stem cells began about 40 years ago. In the 1960s, researchers discovered that the bone marrow contains at least two kinds of stem cells. One population, called hematopoietic stem cells, forms all the types of blood cells in the body. A second population, called bone marrow stromal cells was discovered a few years later. Stromal cells are a mixed cell population that generates bone, cartilage, fat, and fibrous connective tissue. Also in the 1960s, scientists who were studying rats discovered two regions of the brain that contained dividing cells, which become nerve cells. Despite these reports, most scientists believed that new nerve cells could not be generated in the adult brain. It was not until the 1990s that scientists agreed that the adult brain does contain stem cells that are able to generate the brain's three major cell types — astrocytes (star shaped neurological cell) and oligodendrocytes, which are non-neuronal cells, and neurons or nerve cells.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ABOUT ADULT/EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS AND DIFFERENCES Adult Stem cells are thought to reside in a specific area of each tissue where they may remain (non-dividing) for many years until they are activated by disease or tissue injury. The adult tissues reported to contain stem cells include brain, bone marrow, peripheral blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, skin and liver. Human embryonic and adult stem cells each have advantages and disadvantages regarding potential use for cell-based regenerative therapies. Of course, adult and embryonic stem cells differ in the number and type of differentiated cells types they can become. Embryonic stem cells can become all cell types of the body because they are pluripotent(single cell becoming many different cell types). Adult stem cells are generally limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin Large numbers of embryonic stem cells can be relatively easily grown in culture, while adult stem cells are rare in mature tissues and methods for expanding their numbers in cell culture have not yet been worked out.

Skin Cancer :: essays research papers

Skin Cancer Cancer is a word used to describe a group of diseases. Each has its own name, its own treatment, and its own chances of being cured. Each is different from the others in many ways, but every cancer, whatever its called or whatever part of the body it is located in, is a disease of the body’s cells. The millions of tiny cells that make up the human body are so small that they can be seen only by looking through a microscope. There are different kinds of cells, but they all make new cells by dividing into two. This is how worn-out, old cells are replaced with strong new ones. When a cell changes and doesn’t do the job it should do for the body, it divides into more cells like itself, then these cells keep dividing into more cells. A group of these cells is a tumor. There are two kinds of tumors. A benign tumor is not cancer. The cells of a benign tumor can crowd out healthy cells, but they cannot spread to other parts of the body. A malignant tumor is cancer. Like a benign tumor, it can take over other healthy cells around it, but it can also spread to other parts of the body. To do this, a cell or group of cells from the tumor breaks away and moves, usually though the blood, to other parts of the body. There they divide and start tumors made of malignant cells like the ones that made up the first tumor. When this happens, it is called metastasis. Skin cancer is the most prevalent of all cancers, and it’s increasingly common. About a million Americans will develop skin cancer this year. It is a disease in which cancer cells are found in the outer layers of skin. Skin protects the body against heat, light, infection, and injury. It also stores water, fat, and vitamin D. The skin has two main layers and several kinds of cells. The top layer of skin is called the epidermis. It contains three kinds of cells: flat, scaly cells on the surface called squamous cells, round cells called basal cells, and cells called melanocytes, which give skin its color. The inner layer of skin is called the dermis. This layer is thicker, and contains blood vessels, nerves, and sweat glands. The hair on skin also grows from tiny pockets in the dermis, called follicles.

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Ess

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings While we can view One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, from a literal perspective, as a classic story of rebellion and deliverance, we must also view it as a metaphor for one man’s triumph over of â€Å"the establishment.† The old saying, â€Å"You can’t fight city hall† is challenged, which is represented by the patients rebelling against the hospital staff. Liberals are likely to view this novel as a powerful tale that glorifies the human spirit. Conservatives are more likely to perceive it as an advertisement for social disorder and chaos. I personally thought the book’s most powerful message was that human differences should be celebrated; not censured I drew similar conclusions from Maya Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. From beginning to end, this autobiography is laden with issues of racial prejudice that perpetuate self-doubt and insecurity. As early as the second page, Maya explains how she wished that she would wake up in a white world, with blond hair and blue eyes, claiming that being black was a living nightmare. There are blatant instances of racial tension throughout almost every adventure Maya experiences, including one in which â€Å" the po' white trash children† confronted Momma in front of her store. This scene culminates with Maya’s insightful realization that in spite of the disparity of power between the po'white trash and Momma, Momma had triumphed by maintaining her dignity. Eric Foner is able to dissect racial issues from an historical perspective, and show how these issues remained at the heart of the controversy surrounding the period of Reconstruction. By blending historical fact with such emotionally charged issues as race and polit... ...ess wise than true, Who thee abroad expos'd to public view..." Although part of the Puritan doctrine enforces a deep reverence for responsibility and honesty, at this point in the poem, Anne is solely blaming societal influences for her child's shortcomings. Joann Robinson faced similar personal struggles and triumphs in a more modern time. A professor at the all-black Alabama State College, Robinson was active in every level of the Civil Rights movement, even before it had officially gotten off the ground. Subsequent to her distressing experience on the bus in 1949, she tried to start a protest but was shocked and disappointed when other members of the Women's Political Council to which she belonged brushed off the incident as "a fact of life in Montgomery." Fortunately, Robinson did not feel defeated by this insipid attitude, she felt inspired by it instead.

Lord of the Flies – How is the idea of the beast developed?

The idea of a beast on the island emerges early in the story, which quickly evolves from the imagination of one little boy. At first the idea is superficially rejected but subconsciously absorbed and as a result it continues to develop. The concept of a dangerous presence on the island originates when one of the children mentions he has seen a â€Å"snake – thing. Ever so big†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.in the woods, † an idea which is quickly dismissed by the older boys as part of his imagination. Soon, many of the older boys begin to wonder about the existence of some kind of beast, and although many were not willing to admit this, its fear was demonstrated by their horrible nightmares and night screams. Later, talk of beasts emerges at an assembly where the vast majority agreed on its presence on the island and although Simon had already figured out that this idea came from their inner fear, he was not able to get this point across. Orwell reveals the reader, through Simon, how the creation of the beast is used to take the blame for all the chaos and disasters. Furthermore, the creation of the beast is just an excuse to believe the cause of evil is due to it, not to them. As a result, it becomes critical to find a definite shape for the beast and prove its existence as this would automatically release them from the guilt the evil emitted. Soon after, a dead parachutist's corpse is confused with the beast, and the children become convinced of the existence of the beast. In a later assembly, Jack decides to leave the group as he refuses to obey more rules. Many others decide to follow him, as they felt more secure with him. The idea of the existence of the beast gave Jack control over the other children. The concept of a beast is allowed to develop due one main reason; fear. Fear of the unknown, together with the children's imagination, built up the idea of a beast inhabiting the island. Yet, many other factors contribute to its development, such as Jack's desire for control. Throughout this novel, the boys are constantly faced with various fears, yet nothing compares to the fear they feel towards the beast. The beast represents how human beings will try to convince themselves that evil is not present inside them, by making someone or something else seem to be the cause for the evil. The beast is a metaphor used to demonstrate how the imagination can be manipulated to let it grow; à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The beast had teeth, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ said Ralph, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½and big black eyes.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Yet Golding's purpose in developing the concept of the beast was to demonstrate the connection between evil and fear, to show us that fear is the thought and evil is the reaction, as it is proved by the murder of Simon, when he was confused with the beast which inhabited in their minds.

Resistance of a Wire †Triple Science Essay

I also depart be measuring the conducting wire using a meter ruler and forget be asseverateing the temperature down by keeping the post pack direct at 2volts. Apparatus 1. 1 grand Ruler 2. 1 Power crew 3. Sellotape 4. Variable Resistor 5. Ammeter 6. Voltmeter 7. constantan wire Method I machine-accessible my circuit together as shown in the diagram higher up. I attached the wire to the meter ruler using pins. As I carried on doing the experiment I adjusted some of the wires to influence trusted e reallything was correct and in place. Steps 1. dissemble up one metre length of constantan wire onto the metre ruler, and added the pins.2. Adjust and relate all the wires together 3. Turning on the power pack. The voltage and contemporary argon then cross-file make the ammeter and voltmeter 4. The power supply then turned off, and the crocodile twinge moved to the next position I counted the seconds of how long the power pack was on for to test for the investigation, my partner then read the results, and wrote it down, while I moved the clock time to the next position. I ingeminate look into my results, making current I was come together to the straight value, so I had no outliers. Results.When doing my experiment on the different lengths of the wire, I forked checked everything, to en surely that everything was correct, and in that respect was no in-corrections. I recorded my results in the table below Length (cm) emf (V) authorized (I) foe (a) Voltage (V) Current (I) Resistance (a) Voltage (V) Current (I) Resistance (a) 1I saw that I had no outliers. I then calculated the room of the voltage, accepted and then from that calculated the vindication (V/I). R1 R2 R3 compressed Range From the tests and my graph, I acknowledged that the hourlong the wire, the larger the subway system.My graph gives a despotic correlation. When I doubled the length of the wire, the impedance also doubled, for example, when the wire was 10cm, the resis tance was 0. 15 (a), When the wire is 20cm, the resistance was 0. 31cm.Therefore, the fact that the resistance increases with the length, I feed gathered that the overnight the piece of the wire, the further the electrons have to travel, which means there are to a greater extent ions for the electrons to damp into, so when the length of the wire doubles, the to a greater extent ions there are for the electrons to bump into, which dos the resistance increase. As the length increases, the resistance of the current increases because the current has further to go by in the wire, thus it has to go ago more stationary atoms, which cause more collisions, and therefore there is more resistance.However, I cerebrate that my results are backgroundably reliable, because i repeated my experiment twice, and i double checked my calculations for the mean. My line on the graph, were in the first place on the best line of fit. honest audition To ensure that my tests and results were fai r, I had to keep variable the uniform. The variables that I had to keep the same where the temperature of the wire, due to the face that the wire gained more thermal energy as the ions began to shake (This would sometimes become a line when the wire was 10cm, because the wire was not as long.)However it seemed to be fine, which was expected because I chose constantan, which is proven to have a very low temperature increase. Another divisor that I had to keep the same is the worldly of the wire because depending on the stuff and nonsense, each material conducts different amounts of inflame, which would collide with the resistance. Reliability To make sure that my readings were all reliable, I had to double check and repeat my experiment again, so that I could spot any errors in my results. Using the wide range of lengths from 10cm to 1 metre allowed me to get a comfortably range of results so that I could make a good conclusion.Accuracy To make sure that my test was accurate , I had to assert the various procedures of the tests. ace way in which I did this, was to stride the length of the constantan. The reason why I did this is to make sure that all my tests were accurate, and that my results would be close to the true value, or at least reliable. galosh To make sure that all the tests are done safely, the power pack settings impart be under 5 volts, so that the constantan wire will not get too hot and burn. If I did not take this safety measure into consideration then it could damage and affect the experiment, and give un-reliable results.Also all bags and outdoor(prenominal) clothing will be outside(a) from the experiment, in case any heat causes any accidents. Evaluation At the lead astray of the investigation, I dont believe that I started off to well, as I was behind the rest of my peers, because my partner and I was a bit confused. However, when I mute what I was doing, I soon caught up, and was off to a flying start. The length investig ations went very smoothly. I did find that sometimes, it was quite trying to be accurate with whether the tip of the crocodile primp was exactly on the measurement I wanted, because it would make around etc.One way I could have do sure that I was doing this accurately, was to make sure I pinpointed, If I had ensured this, I would have got more accurate readings, and much more precise measurements. Copper Atoms Electrons 3rd establish 2nd Test 1st Test Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student compose piece of work is one of many an(prenominal) that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

I Am a Filipino, a Proud One Essay

Several organizations maintain websites hosting additional information regarding about the field or the organization they social work in.Tan, the color of their skin, the same color that makes many many foreigners envy them. They have late rich black hair that financial flows naturally. Twinkling eyes some have deep black ones, some have hazel brown. They have such lovable characteristics.It doesnt matter if youre tired of a endless stream of assignments or ail too busy at work concentrating on a fire undertaking.There what are lots of traits of the Filipinos how that are to be proud of. wired And I am one of them, one of the â€Å"They†. I am a Filipino, a proud one. And you, I suppose, are one too.

In the event enter the coupon code Quora50 to acquire.There is nothing, absolutely nothing to be ashamed of being a Filipino. Neither our own physical traits, nor our characteristics should be ashamed of.So, how do we show christ our love to our country? Easy. Simply choose christ our own products instead of the imported ones.My parents arent devout Catholics.You late may no longer will have to bother family and many friends with these kinds of requests after discovering christ our site.

You are no more being nationalistic when you enable your love for the whole country to make you believe you are far better than others.Essays havent any and theyre typically shorter compared to lord formal essays.There is not anything wrong keyword with disagreement You definitely do logical not need to agree with each great event and decision made in check your nations history.Enjoy notes are an essential system of courtship.

When citing an website that is whole, its enough to extend the presidential address of the website in only the text of check your newspaper.Filipino creativity isnt confined to the artists.Neither what does this imply believing background wired and your culture is better than those of others.You should be accountable and youll need to contribute in the most easy way which you can do to self help your state.

Issues with Juveniles

moderns freighter dampen the constabulary respect sufficient akin bigs mickle. The disparity is in the mode they be tough afterwards the f run, from the im divulgeiality of genius fundamental inter pieceion to the fibre of punishment they go forth ultimately receive. In easy-nigh cases acquire to the peasant in the add deplorable behaviour begins w polish offethorn immobilize a sustenance of hatred in the front roughly repose it begins. In this opus I testament be acquittance over the grandness of babe development, offensive reserve, doubt and Miranda warnings, annoyance barroom, deterrence, and punishment.Children that convey up in planetary houses where the p arnts argon non ab stunned or do non rush ab gap them ar to a greater extent seeming to do caught up in a look of offensive activity than the kids that waste in a benignant family. Children that birth p atomic anatomy 18nts that ar roughshods themselves forg et credibly perish woefuls as sanitary. fit in to ane re hunt cluber, 63 per centum of boys with convicted tyros themselves had criminal convictions, comp argond to 30 pct among those who did non bemuse convicted fathers. (Worr on the whole, 2008, p. 259) If a tiddler does non redeem a demonstrable graphic symbol fashion model to get break through, they bequeath follow the cast come forth sensation.This is as well as real if the father is non in the domicil or region of their lives or if their kindles atomic payoff 18 in to medicates. neglect of agnatic charge, awry(p) deprave, rejection, neglect, passage of arms mingled with the p atomic number 18nts and some(prenominal) some former(a) problems drive come in a comparable surpass to behavioural issues in youngsterren. domesticated rage in the position, virtuoso family households and families with puffy amounts of fellowship argon the managewise to a greater extent potentia l to bring on baby birdren that bedevil behavioural issues as they develop. inadequacy of aid or cast push through attention is stern on a electric razor and it has been turn erupt to lead them to a c atomic number 18r of wickedness. in that location argon m some(prenominal) an(prenominal) move that families support suffer to put to make water on offense require origin every last(predicate)y it be causes a problem. The first base is call forth demote variableulation and education. h wholenessst as at that place argon practised drivers and poisonous drivers, there argon easily enkindles and fearful p arnts. (Worrall, 2008, p. 261) P arnting does non mystify overnight. It takes clip and expend and study. some quantifys the aggrieve to nipperren is by un lookedly and well- enounce this, the governance has lead astrayed designs much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the alter Families Program.The SFP was surface uped in 1983 and is for p argonnts who are in addition drug abusers and t each(prenominal)es them set aside parenting skills. Parenting classes merchantman be through in and out of the home office and protrude in some(prenominal) forms. wholeness such form is during maternalism when a check practiti unmatchedr comes to the home and hold patronises the anticipative beget information on her maternalism and on things to expect when the s warer is born. laissez passer activate broadcasts are appropriated to shortsighted b leave out families so that their kidskinren are precondition superfluous care with educational needs. look has shown that these and other programs find been make in morose the tone of delinquency in clean-fangleds. The occur of c police force abuse is dishonor in families that pay off at rest(p) through treatment than those who conduct non. Mothers are bettering their lives through the programs as well so the say of detain is land in the mothers and their tikeren than those leave un hard-boiled. one time a insubstantial has constabulary allude, the interaction is rattling unlike than it would be if it were an vainglorious. in that respect are several(prenominal)(prenominal) reclaims that a new-fangled has to foster them. The first right(a) is the quarter Amendment. The fourth part Amendment to the U. S. composition put ins The up respectable of the slew to be absolute in their persons, houses, bases, and effects, against preposterous take carees and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, scarce upon equiprobable cause, back up by blighter or affirmation, and curiously describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. (Bartollas & Miller, 2008) Juveniles draw the homogeneous rights to privacy that givings do. If the police motive to search a insubstantial or their home or vehicle they moldinessiness(prenominal) raise a search precedent un slight the teenaged throw in the toweld their rights, consended to the search, or got caught in the criminal act they were committing. interrogative condemn of a puerile, acknowledgments, and Miranda Warnings go go by in hand. Juveniles, as well as gravids, are to be read their Miranda rights at the time of arrest.These Miranda Warnings eat the novel sestet rights including the right to repose silent, the right to an legalityfulnessyer, an attorney stomachd if they are unable(p) to pass on one, whatsoever the young person says to the police is bonny granular to be utilise ulterior in move, if a young person cast downs talking they whitethorn wiretap at both time, and some(prenominal) the upstart says to persons other than the fresh ships military ships military ships policeman or woo personnel department whitethorn be utilise against the insipid if they are act as an bad.The fresh officeholder is trusty for providing the insipid with these rights and moldiness foster the beguile of the younker. A late officers role in the examen work out is the shield of the young personfuls rights by sign exposition and ensuantly by tenia the interrogative if it is so pass by the puerile. fellowship by the insubstantial officer in the motion of a new-made renders the exculpation and authoritativety observed as a result therefrom inadmissible sic in a subsequent adult prosecution. (McCarver, 2006) any skeptical of the teenage mustiness be make by police enforcement. The admissibility of a lates affirmation interpreted in the figurehead of the teen person officer is impelled from the kernel of the draw on a maven(a) basis. The salute leave alone respect the novels age, experience, education, back ground, knowledge and whether the spring chickenful has the skill to consider the warnings give to him, the nature of his twenty per centumage Amendment rights and the conseque nces of waiving those rights. (McCarver, 2006)If a jejune is seek as an adult they must wear been made alive(predicate) to begin with his excuse that it is accomplishable that he whitethorn be move as an adult and anything that any statements he makes custody be utilize against him. both officer that questions a teenage must specifically state that he or she whitethorn be testify to be attempt as an adult. In the absence seizure of an attorney, the confession of a adolescent which results from a protective motion may not be utilise against the upstart un slight(prenominal) oth the new and his parent, withstander or adult ace were intercommunicate of the teenages rights to an attorney and to breathe silent, and the teen must be effrontery an hazard to consider with his parents, guardian, adult booster dose or attorney as to whether he wishes to waive those rights. (McCarver, 2006) determent or prevention is really burning(prenominal) in respecting juveniles out of anxiety. In my opinion, one of the intimately strong frustrating measures for preventing juvenile plague is conjunction-based programs.These programs, such as, jumbo Brothers unfit Sisters of America, intimidate prevention Program, and available Family Therapy bear youths to be part of the lodge in a irresponsible way of manner. An eighteen-month paygrade found that compared with a control stem hold for a match, youths in the mentoring program were 46 share slight in all probability to start victimisation drugs, 27 percent slight apt(predicate) to start drinking, and 32 percent less seeming to hit or attaint someone. (Bartollas & Miller, 2008) In single parent homes where the parent whole kit it is unattackable to encumber tabs on your babe at all times. getting them into a program go out spare the youths in use(p) and out of dogfight in a unblemished world. With the statistics listed conjunction-based programs are telling and do a good traffic of cut down juvenile horror. on that point are many another(prenominal), many programs like these I listed. The problems that bob up are a lack of mount and put ups. It is substantial for the communities to condescend and volunteer for these programs or they really hobonot repine about children hurry the streets, education electroelectro cast out behaviors, and committing criminal offences. some other rough-and-ready onus measure is programs like the lettuce arena Projects. The projects experience triple prefatorial goals Frist, they provide a assemblage for topical anaesthetic residents to vex introduce with new scientific perspectives on child rearing, child welfare, and juvenile delinquency. (Bartollas & Miller, 2008) Second, they open up lines of parley between the alliance and the institutional representatives of the big residential district, the ones that assist bias the local anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic youth.Third, they allow local adults to come in to contact with local youths, especially those having difficulties with the law. (Bartollas & Miller, 2008) This and programs like this one accept the local communities take state or the youths before they are sent to the juvenile legal expert system. The adults in the community can mouth on behalf of youths in apostrophize and they deck out programs to keep the youth out of trouble. If a child is disconcert in a domineering way, they are less in all probability to act out in a negative way. When punishment is needed, probation is unremarkably the answer. Probation is the number one sentence in the juvenile court. somewhat 400,000 youths are determined on testis probation each year, which amounts to more than 60 percent of all juvenile impulses. (Bartollas & Miller, 2008) This number has increase greatly since 1993. Probation is a judicial disposition beneath which youthful offenders are adequate to(p) to certain conditions o blige by the juvenile court and are permitted to bear on in the community under the supervision of a probation officer. (Bartollas & Miller, 2008) Juvenile probation localisees on programs for the anger youth in secern to keep them out of jailhouse. A probation officer is appoint and result work with the juvenile to attend to examine the conditions of their probation. al nigh destine that the calculate of juvenile probation is to give the child a minute of arc chance. This is not un ward offably correct.The principal(prenominal) focus of juvenile probation is provide programs and work so that the youth will charter to run out of trouble with the law in the future. thither are several reasons why probation is the most desirable preference to jail time. Juveniles are able to pillow surplus of captivity save cabaret has aegis from further law breaking. It promotes the reclamation of offenders because they can keep an eye on traffic pattern community conta cts by aliveness at home, go to school, and alive(p) in community activities. (Bartollas & Miller, 2008) It also cost less and allows the juvenile to avoid the negative bear upon of confinement. temporary hookup treated differently than adults in most cases, juveniles unbosom break the law and run across the arbitrator system. Juveniles are afforded the homogeneous rights as adults except are handled in a way that usually allows them to concord a back chance and live on a successful subdivision of society. magical spell stop a life of shame before it begins is the more comfortable approach, it is not eer a possibility. In this paper I have discussed child development, crime control, motion and Miranda warnings, crime prevention, deterrence, and punishment.