Saturday, August 31, 2019

Engineering ewb research Essay

1. Introduction The Engineers Without Borders Australia (EWB) Challenge is a program where first year University Students throughout Australia are required to select from a range of problems associated with the living conditions of a disadvantaged community within Nepal, more specifically the village of Sandikhola, a hilltop community in the Gorkha district. The students are then required to develop creative solutions to combat these problems to benefit the community through design, teamwork and proper communication. This particular research report group 9C will be focusing on Water Supply and Sanitation Systems (WASH), in particular Multiple Use Systems (MUS). MUS refers to a system where the water is used for a range of purposes, so as to minimize the amount of fresh water needed to be drawn from the source and increase the applicability of the source. This report will be outlining research conducted into the MUS including; the geography of the Gorkha district, a case study on a WASH initiative al ready in place in Nepal, also included in the report will be an evaluation of sources of research, and a conclusion of the report. 2. Research 2.1 Geography of the Gorkha District The Gorkha District in Nepal is located on the mid-southern area of the Terai region roughly the center of Nepal. More specifically the village of Sandikhola is located approximately 42 kilometers North East of Bharatpur, which roughly is over an hour drive each way via a dirt road which is only accessible by 4Ãâ€"4’s and is not accessible in wet conditions. The village of Sandikhola is located on the side of a hill with an elevation of 1256 meters, and is roughly divided into three different sections consisting of crops, housing and livestock. 2.1.1 Natural Resources Land is seen as the most valuable natural resource to most citizens of the Gorkha district. With over 80% of the population, 24 506 759 people, earning a livelihood from farming, which in turn produces 36.1% of GDP on a national scale. Due to water shortages and unreliability in relation to irrigation, this is not a secure resource for the people of the Gorkha district. The only problem with utilizing land to this major of a scale is that it is being overly depleted due to the accelerating growth of population, leading  to widespread destruction of ecological systems. The other resource is water, which are polluted due to lack of sanitization and the lack of the resource, other than location, is due to de-forestation and the devastating effects it has on the environment. 2.1.2 Technological Resources The Gorkha district has very limited technological resources, especially when 90% of the population live in rural areas and average earnings per family per week are below a dollar which make the affordability of technological resources impossible for poor families. Surprisingly the telephone signal throughout the district is surprisingly good although this is a under used resource due to lack of infrastructure and finances. With under 7% of the population having access to the internet communication on a global and even national scale can be highly difficult. Due to the developing nature of Nepal access to any modern technology is unviable, with it sometimes taking up to and over 6 months for any technology to reach many rural communities e.g. water testing kits. 2.1.3 Population and Income Through researching Population and Income it was found that there are over 30 million people in Nepal, with approximately 300 000 people in Gorkha. The Terai region accommodates for 50.27% of the total population, roughly 15 million people, which is the mountainous/ hilly region of Nepal which can make life very difficult for these people in particular. The average household income is less than one dollar a day with more than 40% living under the poverty line. In the Gorkha district 90% of citizens live in rural areas which goes to show the lack of urban connection further reinforcing the fact that development of technology in relation to water use will greatly affect the population in all aspects of life. 2.1.4 Natural Disasters Natural Disasters have a major effect on developing countries, especially where climate change is concerned. This is due to the high dependence on climate sensitive sectors in the Gorkha district including glaciers, agriculture and forestry, and its low financial adaptive capacity. These disasters are becoming increasingly common with the acceleration of global warming. This is due to the increased temperatures experienced compared to 1990 to 2010 where an increase of 1.9 Degrees Celsius to the average  temperature, these particular natural disasters include an increase in dry periods, floods, intense rainfall, landslides, forest fires, glacial retreats, and glacier lake outburst flood threats. The other main natural disasters common to this area are earthquakes due to the positioning of Gorkha on the meeting point of the Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates. These disasters need to be taken into account so the MUS can withstand destruction via natural disaster. 2.1.5 Climatic Conditions Shown in these two graphs (below) is the average rainfall and temperature of the Gorkha District. By studying these two graphs it can be seen that the year is divided into a wet and dry season with the temperature throughout the year remaining relatively constant with a minimum range of 3 degrees Celsius and a maximum range of 9 degrees Celsius. This research is essential to the analysis of water supply 2.1.6 Education Levels In the Gorkha district education is a work in progress with the basic literacy rate at 45% of males and only 28% of women. In the district alone there are close to 500 schools, 400 of which are public. With the help of many Non-Government Organizations, development of these schools has had an excellent effect on the education system, for example at the end of 2013 1000 computers were distributed to these schools readily making available vast amounts of educational resources to these communities. The problems associated with the education levels include the travel distance especially within rural areas, and also the lack of proper WASH resources which affects the health of the students. 2.1.7 Infrastructure In relation to the Infrastructure available to the people of Gorkha it can be noted as ineffective. This is found as roads to many of the rural areas within which the majority lives, are virtually inaccessible without a 4Ãâ€"4, as less than a quarter of roads in Nepal actually being paved/concreted. This is increasingly made challenging due to less than 1% of the population actually having access to a car. The main form of transport readily  available are the public buses, but on the other hand they are not extremely reliable with the multitude of strikes which occur, making life for the people more difficult when they have to walk for hours to get where they were going. Another major flaw is the inability for citizens to access a range of services with less than 15% of people having access to formal health care services, children having to walk on average 1-3 hours to attend school, there is also a lack of an electricity supply to majority of rural areas, lack of public sewage tr eatment in the majority of the district and in general isolation of rural areas. 2.2 Existing Solutions In the community of Sandikhola, there is a wide range of problems associated with water supply. These include the accessibility to water sources, the cleanliness/quality of water supply, the amount of water supplied, and the ability for the resource to be effectively used across domestic uses and productive uses. Currently in Sandikhola approximately 80% of WASH techniques are currently in place with there being a few sources of water; one small waterway, eight tap stands and two spring intakes but during the dry season these intakes become unavailable due to low pressure. When this occurs the community must draw water from a larger spring located further away from the village down the hill. In the case of Sandikhola at each spring intake is a reservoir tank, there are three water quality testers spread across the village, one rain monitor and two flow monitors. Also introduced to this community is the use of recycling water, such as; capturing overflows at spring intakes, Rainwater Harvesting (RWH), Ground Water Capture (GWC), fog water, and grey water systems. Through the integration of a range of these sources, systems and techniques we develop a MUS system. 2.2.1 Construction Basically the MUS is constructed via the connection of a range of single use technologies e.g. spring intake, storage tanks, tap stands. This is to reduce the amount of water requires for use by reducing waste water (sustainability), and also to make it more accessible for the villagers. For the construction many of the village members are heavily involved in construction so as to ensure the education of the MUS to the community allowing it to be properly maintained even after the EWB/NEWAH team leaves. 2.2.2 Inputs and Outputs For the implementation of the MUS there are a number of inputs required, these include; help from a third party in this case EWB and NEWAH in relation to funding, research and designing, participation from members of the Sandikhola community, materials, current technologies, and tools. For every input there is an output, in this case once construction is completed some of the outputs of the technology become evident, these including; an increase of income and benefits in relation to this including; general health, nutrition, social empowerment, food security, time savings. Diversification of Livelihood, which is the process by which the community develops a range of activities and social support capabilities in order to survive and improve their standards of living i.e. education, inter/intra-societal interaction. Increase in sustainability including, efficient water transfer from the water source for domestic and productive applications. 3. Evaluation of Sources of Information In research for this assignment, I tend to steer clear of any non-reliable or inaccurate resources. To do this books become an extremely valuable and trusted resource, and when using websites as resources I have stuck to .org websites while at the same time checking the about us section as not all .org sites are official sites. Some ways I checked the accuracy and validity of my sources of information include; analysis of the depth of coverage, determining the intended audience so it is relevant for this report, analysis of language used i.e. sophisticated to low level understanding. The dates of the information are essential for proper research, too old might be inaccurate compared to newer information. Does the source have a bibliography and the type of sources of information the author uses and an analysis of the layout and structure of the document. Through all of this analyzing we are able to determine the accurate and reliable sources of information. 4. Conclusion In conclusion, through the research of the Gorkha district and my project area the MUS, it is possible to realize the positive potential that the implementation of the MUS has on all aspects of life. This is due to water  playing a massive part in the lives of every human, and when there is a lack of sufficient resource, daily functionality is affected. 5. References ï‚ §Renwick, et.al, 2007, â€Å"Multiple Use Water Services For The Poor: Assessing the state of Knowledge,† Winrock International: Arlington, VA ï‚ §Mikhail, et.al, 2008, â€Å"Multiple-Use Water Service Implementation in Nepal and India: Experience and Lessons Scale-Up,† International Development Enterprises: Lakewood, CO ï‚ §Engineers without Borders USA 2014, EWB-USA, Denver viewed 10 March 2014, http://my.ewb-usa.org/project-resources/technical-resources. ï‚ §iDE Organization 2014, iDEORG, Colorado viewed 10 March 2014, http://www.ideorg.org/OurTechnologies/MultipleUseWaterSystems.aspx#. ï‚ §Practical Action 2014, Practical Action, Rugby viewed 12 March 2014, http://practicalaction.org/mus-2. ï‚ §Engineers Without Borders Australia 2014, Engineers Without Borders, North Melbourne viewed 12 March 2014, http://www.ewbchallenge.org/nepal-water-healthnewah/sandikhola. ï‚ §Smith, J., 2014, Personal Communication, 25th February 2014 ï‚ §United Nat ions 2014, United Nations, New York viewed 12th March 2014, http://www.un.org.np/maps/nepal-gorkha-district. ï‚ §Rural poverty portal 2012, IFAD, Vancouver viewed 12 March 2014, http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/en/country/statistics/tags/nepal.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Assignment 302

Assignment 302 Candidates name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Principles of personal development in adult social care settings Assignment composition Assignment overview In this assignment, you will look at the importance of reflective practice in adult social care. You will explore how reflective practice can improve your development and practice and contribute to the quality of service provision You will also look at the process of planning development, and the importance of feedback and reflect on how your values, belief systems may affect your practice.Tasks There are three tasks to this assignment. A Guidance B Personal development plan (PDP) C Reflecting on learning experiences Task Evidence Learning outcomes covered Task A Guidance 1. 1, 1. 2, 1. 3, 2. 1, 2. 2, 2. 3 Task B Personal development plan (PDP) 3. 1, 3. 2, 3. 3, 3. 4 Task C Reflecting on learning experiences 1. 4 Assignment mark sheet Candidate name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Candidate number†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Centre name†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Holistic Community Support Training†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Centre number†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 09368†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Task Evidence Results A Guidance Passed Y/N B Personal development plan (PDP) Passed Y/N C Reflecting on learning experiences Passed Y/N I can confirm that the evidence listed for this unit is my own work and was carried out under the conditions and context specified in the assessment specification. Candidate signature DateI confirm that the candidate has achieved all the requirements of this unit with the evidence listed and the assessment was conducted under the specified conditions and context, and is valid, authentic, reliable, current and sufficient. Tutor / assessor signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. External verifier signature (where applicable) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Tasks Task A Guidance (A)Explain 8 core aspects of your job descriptionIdentify 4 different legislations which underpins the way you are expected to carry out your job and describe how you have performed in accordance to t hose standards 1. 1, 1. 2, 3. 1 You are going to be a mentor for a new social care worker as part of their induction process. Part of your role is to help them prepare for the review after their probation period. Ai Create a guide for the new social care worker about how to reflect on their practice. The guide must include the headings listed with an explanation of each. a) What is reflective practice? b) Why is reflective practice important? ) Give example of how reflective practice has contributed to improving the quality of your service provision. d) How standards can be used to help a social care worker reflect on their practice. 5. 1, 5. 2, 2. 1, 2. 2 Aii You arrange a mentor meeting to feed back to the social care worker. You have comments to make which include both praise and constructive criticism. Write notes to prepare for your meeting. In your notes, explain: a) Why it is important for a social care worker to seek feedback on performance. b) The different ways that people may react to receiving constructive feedback. ) Why it is important for a social care worker to use the feedback to improve their practice. 3. 2, 4. 1, (d) Give example of feedbacks you have received and how you have used it to improve your practice Aiiiidentify one national inquiry into serious failures to protect individuals from abuse. Describe the incident and explain how the recommendations from the inquiry report have changed or improved the way your organisation work Task B Personal development plan (PDP) Bi Design a template for a personal development plan (PDP) that you could use to improve your learning, development and professional practice.For each heading in the template, provide a brief summary describing what should be included. 4. 1 Bii (a) Explain how a PDP can help a social care worker identify improvements in their knowledge, understanding and practice. 5. 1, 5. 3, (b) Give example of how a plan has helped you develop or improve __________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ BiiiIdentify sources of support for planning and reviewing your development. Explain how this has been beneficial to you 4. 1, 4. 2, 4. 3 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Biv Identify people who can help you develop your knowledge, understanding and practice. Give example of how and when this occured ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Bv Explain how the people identified above can help you appreciate your strengths and areas for development. 4. 1, 4. 2, 4. 3 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Reaction paper of the film Take the Lead Essay

Take the lead is based on a true story, the movie tells us of the struggle of a dance teacher, Pierre Dulain. It is the real story of a dance teacher who believed in the talent of a group of problem kids. This film not only gives us a fun and relaxation but it also gives us knowledge about modern dancing and model dancing. Not only that, the film gives us the morality as teacher. How relationship between teacher and student should be in school as well as in their personal encounter. One day In New York, the polite dance instructor Pierre Dulaine sees a black teenager vandalizing the car of the director of a public school and on the next day he volunteers to teach dance to students to give respect, dignity, self-confidence, trust and teamwork. The reluctant director Augustine James offers the troublemakers that are in detention expecting Pierre to give-up of his intentions. Initially, the delinquents did not care about ballroom dancing, but after Pierre gives them a demonstration with his top dance student Morgan, the kids grew interested into the idea of ballroom dancing. He enters the kids in a city wide dance competition and by the end of the day, succeeds in turning the delinquents into respectful and well-mannered, young ladies and gentlemen. Yes as a dance teacher Pierre Dulaine bring the children in a new state of life. He teaches them how to appreciate a dance. There are so many dances that they studied: Salsa, Waltz, Foxtrot, Quickstep, Cha Cha, Rumba, Samba, Wedding Dance, Viennese Waltz, danceTONE Warmup, Jive, Swing , Paso Doble, Tango, Merengue, Bachata and other dance music genres!. He himself also learns to appreciate their model dance. In this great world consist thousand of people each of them have difference way to appreciate an art as well as made an art. An art work might valuable to this person but reject by the other. The importance is to understand, to appreciate, to enjoy an art as well as the one create it. We all know that treat a person like trash and he will become trash. When the school delinquent were treated like incorrigible criminals, they chose to act as obnoxious and as rude as possible. But when they were trusted and respected and shown the dignity of being creative, they learned to reciprocate with the kindness and gentleness. Even the most notorious and delinquent persons can metamorphose into productive and decent members of society if we show them respect, give them value, appreciate their talents and teach them to contribute towards the betterment of themselves and other people around them. Pierre Dulaine is an excellent archetype of a mentor for character transformation; unconventional enough to allow flexibility, firm enough to command respect, patient enough to extend sympathy, talented enough to demand excellence and human enough to connect with those who refuse to listen. For people trying to form values and personhood, much can be learned from Dulaine’s approach – which basically is to treat a person as a person, notwithstanding his faults and flaws. However, the film is better watched with a mature adult because of the nonchalant rudeness demonstrated by the story’s teenage protagonists which might negatively influence young audiences. As a teacher Pierre Dulaine not only teach them how to dance but also help them to have a confidence in life. A teacher concern what student is needs, a take a have responsibilities toward their children. Look for way how to give them an environment to grow their personality, their knowledge. Give hem an opportunity to express their problems and need. Give them an advisable that will help them develop their attitude. To became good value of life. To guide them become good citizens, Christian, to built the healthy good relationship with the other. They should be the second parents to them. Pierre struggles against the prejudice and ignorance of the students, parents and other teachers, but wins his battle when the group accepts to compete in a ballroom dance contest. He teach with love and hope. What you sow you reap. Pierre Dulaine: A renowned ballroom dance instructor who gets a job as a teacher for the delinquents in detention. A gentleman who treats everyone, especially the ladies, with respect and to teach the delinquents about respect, manners and dealing with personal issues through dancing. Director: Antonio Banderas – Pierre Dulaine: A renowned ballroom dance instructor who gets a job as a teacher for the delinquents in detention. A gentleman who treats everyone, especially the ladies, with respect and to teach the delinquents about respect, manners and dealing with personal issues through dancing. Initially, the delinquents did not care about ballroom dancing, but after Pierre gives them a demonstration with his top dance student Morgan, the kids grew interested into the idea of ballroom dancing. He enters the kids in a city wide dance competition and by the end of the day, succeeds in turning the delinquents into respectful and well-mannered, young ladies and gentlemen. n a public school of lower middle class neighborhood of New York, high school kids are having an organized party and Rock (Rob Brown) is refused admission. In a spit of rage, he wrecks the car of their school principal. Suave and well-mannered ballroom dance instructor Pierre Dulaine (Antonio Banderas) w itnesses this on his way home and decides he needs to help trouble kids like him. The next morning, he finds his way to the principal’s schools and presents himself as a volunteer dance teacher for the school’s most notorious students. Day after day, he confronts the school â€Å"rejects† during their daily detention time and gently infuses into them manners, teamwork, respect and self-confidence through the routines of Salsa, Waltz and Tango as he slowly transforms the delinquent students into ballroom champions. For a film that is supposedly based on a true to life story, the plot is full of unbelievable twists and implausible scenes. The scripting is a bit shallow and fails to delve into the character’s motivations and emotions. Characters are too caricaturish to be believable. The idea of the fusion of ballroom with street dancing could have been better developed and the resulting dances better choreographed. Cinematography and editing are choppy and rough. The choreographies were not exciting enough and the camera angles fail to capture the exquisiteness of some dancers. Only the charm of ballroom and Banderas save the film from being a bore. Over-all, the movie entertains to some extent with its dance routines. Treat a person like trash and he will become trash. When the school delinquent were treated like incorrigible criminals, they chose to act as obnoxious and as rude as possible. But when they were trusted and respected and shown the dignity of being creative, they learned to reciprocate with the kindness and gentleness. Even the most notorious and delinquent persons can metamorphose into productive and decent members of society if we show them respect, give them value, appreciate their talents and teach them to contribute towards the betterment of themselves and other people around them. Pierre Dulaine is an excellent archetype of a mentor for character transformation; unconventional enough to allow flexibility, firm enough to command respect, patient enough to extend sympathy, talented enough to demand excellence and human enough to connect with those who refuse to listen. For people trying to form values and personhood, much can be learned from Dulaine’s approach – which basically is to treat a person as a person, notwithstanding his faults and flaws. However, the film is better watched with a mature adult because of the nonchalant rudeness demonstrated by the story’s teenage protagonists which might negatively influence young audiences.

The role of transparency in public procurement process Literature review

The role of transparency in public procurement process - Literature review Example In a nonprofessional language, transparency alludes to the kind of operations that are open to every person and where others can easily see what one is doing. For instance, when one goes to a shop and carries out a transaction, the exchange of the good/service with currency is done in a very transparent manner where both the buyer and the seller is entitled to confirm through counting the amount received as change or as the pay for the products bought. The verification through counting and confirmation that a right currency is in use would illustrate transparency in the simplest way. A close analysis of transparency shows that it is universally applied concept in such fields as in management, corporate, research, technology, sports, politics and media among other fields. In management and corporate circles, transparency may imply the openness in disclosure of information concerning revenues, wages and administration while in research; it may allude to ease of access to and sharing of information. It has almost a common meaning to all other disciplines with ease of accessing and sharing information in a manner that is not hidden to any person. It is a concept that dates far back in history where it has been mostly applied in morality and ethics to allude to openness as against secrecy. However, the application would reveal some minor differences in application from one field to another. Accountability is often used concurrently with transparency where the latter is used in transactions for the purpose of accountability1. It is actually seen as a precondition to ensuring that public officials uphold high standards of accountability especially in matters of public procurement, tendering and awarding of contracts. In order to effectively participate in public procurement process, the public requires to have access to the most available and necessary information as possible. Transparency in this regard therefore ensures that the public get the information and hence are in a position to contribute in the procedures of decision-making. In this regard, the discipline of public procurement is greatly dependent on accountability and as such relies much on transparency. In such a case as the public procurement, the authorities involved have a responsibility of ensuring that transactions carried out are done in the most open manner possible and that the information engaged is available to the scrutiny of the public and the government. Transparency confers power to the third party just as to the parties involved to raise a concern and question the procedures followed in transacting public deals. Transparency therefore entails availing the public procurement information and the mechanisms followed in according tenders to particular bidders to the public for possible scrutiny. This therefore ensures accountability of public resources while undertaking such transactions that involves the public as against private resources2. Literature review In a study to evaluate these aspects the republic of Serbia was put into perspective within the context of the global economic crisis by Rikalovic, Knecevic as well as Mikic. One of the findings to this study was that proper procurement practices would lead to large savings off the budgetary

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Change in Business Environments (External and Internal factors) Essay

Change in Business Environments (External and Internal factors) - Essay Example This paper discusses the external and internal factors that impact a business. External Environment Economy The economic condition of a country plays a big role in determining how successful a business may be. In this regard, it is very crucial for a manager to determine the economic state of a country when making business decisions. The economic factors that must be analyzed here includes the country’s gross domestic product, its per capita income, exchange rates, inflation, capital market strength, goods and service market among others. Understanding these economic aspects is very crucial because they determine they improve the speed of economic growth, which determines business success (Fernando 2011, p.42). Managers also need to consider the economic policies adopted by a country in making business decisions. This based on the fact economic policies adopted by a country have a direct influence on the operation of every business venture. The policies also keep changing from time to time, meaning the managers must be vigilant to adapt to the changes as and when they are made. The economic policies managers need to consider when making business decisions include policy of the industry, fiscal policy, monetary policy, export and import policy and country’s foreign investment policy (Fernando 2011, p.42). ... Oman also has a very strong monetary policy, which has kept its inflation rates to less than 3.5%. The country also has a favorable fiscal programme that has ensured that duty on products is kept low, no personal income tax charged, as well as establishing a moderate corporate tax to encourage investment (Oxford Business Group 2009, p.9). Social environment The social environment of a country also influences the operation of a business. The social environment consists of the social factors such as beliefs, values, customs, traditions, poverty level and the life expectancy rates among others. In this regard, findings have shown that the social structures that a society cherishes impacts hugely on the operation of a business. For instance, the increase in literacy level has made consumers more conscious of the quality and type of products they consume. In addition, the changing family composition has seen an increase in the nuclear family concept thereby increasing demand for different types of products and services. Nevertheless, the social environment varies from one social and cultural structure to another and from one country to another. Managers, therefore, must study the social trends and make rational and informed decision to that effect (Kumar and Sharma 1998, p.81). Political environment The political environment of a country also determines whether a business in likely to be successful or not. The political factors include the attitudes and policies of the government towards the business community. The strategic decisions of a company depend hugely on these aspects. A country’s political stability also impacts on the operation of a business greatly. A stable government usually sends good signal, which

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Assess the recent performance and future prospects of any commercial Essay

Assess the recent performance and future prospects of any commercial bank known to you - Essay Example UBS is one of the best-capitalized financial institutions in the world, with invested assets of 2.2 trillion Swiss francs, shareholders equity of 35.4 billion Swiss francs and market capitalization of 95.4 billion Swiss francs. UBS is present in all major financial centers worldwide, with offices in 50 countries. UBS employs 65,929 people, 40% of whom are located in Switzerland, 39% in the Americas, 15% in Europe and 6% in Asia. As an integrated firm, UBS creates added value for clients by drawing on the combined resources and expertise of all its businesses. As an organization, UBS combines financial strength with a global culture that embraces change. In the 10 years before their merger, both banks had made a series of purchases to increase their investment banking presence. The most significant was the 1995 acquisition of SG Warburg, a venerable London investment-banking firm, by SBC. S.G. Warburg, was founded London in the 1930s and reached prominence after the Second World War. UBS strengths have traditionally lain in Europe. But the bank is seeking to raise its game in the US. In the 1990s in the US, it acquired Dillon Read, a corporate finance specialist and OConnor, a derivatives specialist. In 2000 it acquired Paine Webber, a US Stock broker and investment bank for $10.8bn (â‚ ¬8.3bn, $5.7bn). UBS has also been boosting its US corporate finance and equities teams with additional hires. UBS has almost $2 trillion in personal and corporate assets invested, among the worlds largest asset pools. With acquisitions such as Sauerborn, UBS is pursuing a bold strategy that is not without risks. It is expanding rapidly beyond its Swiss base. It is also taking on clients, such as those at Sauerborn, who had chosen not to put their wealth in the hands of a big institution and who may be skeptical about staying with a money manager as giant as UBS. But UBS figures if it can win the confidence of these top business families its position in Europes

Monday, August 26, 2019

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Immigration - Essay Example Wood (2004) sees domestic violence as a ‘crime that does not recognize racial, cultural, or socioeconomic barriers’. In brief, economic, cultural or political development of a given community does not automatically ensure the protection of the rights of women against being the victims of various types of gendered violence. Although domestic violence and other types of violence on women are prevalent among almost all the social groups, its nature and degree are different from community to community. Thus, the violence on immigrant women is so rampant and involves issues and concerns that are radically different from those pertaining to other social sections. It means that the social settings in which an immigrant woman is uniquely placed makes her more vulnerable for being the victim of various types and degrees of sexual and gendered violence than other sections of women citizenry. In addition, the conditions of undocumented immigrant women are even more exploitative and oppressive as they are systemically exempted from the cover of the law of the land. The introduction of Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) in 1994 has marked a turning point on the legal debate over the issue of increasing violence on immigrant women and its social consequences. The merits and drawbacks of the VAWA are on the focus of attention since its very introduction. Demands for amendments to the VAWA have been raised from around the corners for not only making it more effective but also casting off its perceived and real ills. Even, it is possible to identify a ‘VAWA discourse on the violence on immigrant women’ that encompasses almost all the possible aspects of the concerns pertaining to the human rights of immigrant women. The purpose of this paper is to overview the issues of immigration and the violence on immigrant women and analyzes it as a policy matter that must address unique social, political, economic, and cultural factors and include

Sunday, August 25, 2019

The Children Act 2004 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Children Act 2004 - Essay Example It would be convenient to talk about the background of Children Act 2004 before moving forward towards its analysis. The primary aim of this Act was to make provisions for instituting a Children’s Commissioner. The main idea behind this move was to appoint person with appropriate authority who could efficiently handle matters related to children’s social protection. After that the Act concentrated on making more efficient procedures for the protection that local authorities provide ‘to’ and ‘for’ children. It was also aimed at family proceedings, child minding, private fostering, adoption of review panels, day care, child safety order, reasonable punishment, publication of material containing inappropriate child content and disclosure by the Inland Review of Information to provide better care for children of Wales. In September 2003, the nation witnessed the tragic news of the death of Victoria Climbià ©. As this heart-breaking news got national attention, the government put out the Every Child Matters green paper besides a formal reply to Lord Laming, who was investigating the matter of the poor child’s tragic death. Lord Laming’s report was an eye opener for many authorities. The report pointed out so many gaps in child protection system that shouldn’t have been there. The more significant aspect of the report was the lack of ‘joined-up reporting’, which was the reason that even the professionals were unable to get an insight to the child’s life. The green paper recommended some crucial reformations that enjoyed full support of the legislation. Lord Laming’s report highlighted crucial failures in the health, social services and the police departments that on12 occasions, Victoria had a chance to live but that chance couldn’t be avail because there was privation of information sharing. That is why the

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Presentation about your role as an Accountant Speech or

About your role as an Accountant - Speech or Presentation Example Controversial, because I am sure one way or another you have heard the recent news of financial scandals and crisis which was also brought by this profession. To give you a brief synopsis of the objective or what an Accountant does, it â€Å"is to record, classify, summarize, and interpret the transactions of an [business] entityâ€Å"(Brewer, 2009, pg. 96). While this function may sound simple in text, the implication of it however is quite complex because ultimately,†the objective of financial accounting was to provide information useful in economic decision making† (Brewer et al, 2004, pg. 15). Through accounting, an entity is able to determine its financial position by recording all the transactions incurred in a given period, classify and summarize it to be used in making a rationale economic decision. The tool that is usually used for making that rationale economic decision is called Financial Statements. This is basically a written report that describes the econo mic well being of a business entity which comes in the form of Income Statement, Balance Sheets and Cash Flow. Income Statement simply tells whether a business entity is earning or not. In a smaller scale, the income statement shows how much you spend compared to what you earned and if there is anything left for profit or savings. Balance sheet on the other hand summarizes the business entity’s assets, liabilities and capital for a given period. Simply, it’s a summary of what you have and what you owe and how much you and your investors have invested in the business entity while Cash Flow shows how much money was used and generated by business entity in a given period. Common terms used that may sound complex but really meant simply are words like assets which simply means what the business entity owns, liability which means what the company owes. While this may sound simple, the entire process of recording, classifying, summarizing and interpreting can get complicated especially if the organization is big for it involves a lot of transactions to consider for accounting reporting. In a small business, this can also be taxing especially if this entire accounting process is done by a single person compared to an entire department of a corporation. Such, technology can get handy in aiding a small business in its various Accounting Operation such as having a software that helps track employee’s wages, outgoing expenses with vendors and tracking the day-to-day operation of the business whether it is earning or not. This gives the business owner a hindsight about his business’ financial progress and is able to make necessary adjustments to enhance his profitability i.e. streamlining expenses and reduce unnecessary expenditures. By having this accounting facility within the small business, the owner may not have to retain an Accountant, except on the occasion of filing of taxes which could save him cost. If you noticed, the profession of A ccounting involves money. Not only that the Accountant is responsible for handling the resources of a business entity, he is also responsible for the factual and accurate reporting of it. This is important because the public relies on this information whether they will put in their money for investment in that company or not. Such, the Accounting profession demands the highest ethical standard because when this function is

Friday, August 23, 2019

3D printing lub Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

3D printing lub - Research Paper Example Groups face numerous challenges as they seek to achieve their objectives. Some groups lack unity of purpose. A group that is not committed to a common objective cannot achieve its intended goals. According to Argris (2010), such a group may be characterized by low performance because members do not have collective obligations towards achievement of common objectives. 3D printing club’s organizational culture is defined as the behaviors and values that contribute to the unique psychological and social environment of an organization. These include the organization’s experiences, expectations, values and philosophy. These attributes are exhibited in its interactions with the outside life, inner workings, future expectations, and its self-image. They are based on shared customs, attitudes, beliefs, and unwritten and written rules. Organizational culture depends entirely on the structure of the 3D printing organization (Purdue University, 2013). This paper focuses on 3D prin ting organization at Purdue University. 3D printing club aims to push and show Purdue individuals about the plans and practices of an alternate amassing system called three-dimensional printing. The club will offer a dynamic experience with this enhancement. It offers understudy training knowledge on active and administrations that are offered throughout workshops. These include 3-D printing, nimble manufacturing, rapid prototyping, direct advanced assembling, prototyping and other related points and making of completed item (Purdue University, 2013).

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Moral Implication of Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Moral Implication of Frankenstein Essay The message, merits, and moral implications of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein have been long debated and discussed. Many recurring themes which are apt to surface in these conversations are those such as the woes of artificial creation and the â€Å"man is not God† argument. These themes have been so thoroughly explored and exploited that this essay could not possibly generate and original thought within the realms covered by these topics. In order to formulate something remotely fresh and at least relatively interesting, this essay seeks to shift the focus to the less explored dilemmas which Shelley may have purposely or subconsciously woven into the classic novel. The very fact that Mary Shelley is a woman casts the already remarkable tale in an entirely new light. To read it objectively is improbable, if not impossible, because stories like this are simply not written by women. As a matter of fact, there are some things—focusing on a thrilling plot for the sake of the thrill, centralizing characters like monsters and ghosts, prominently showcasing a male to male bond—that are seen from female authors so infrequently, the appearance of one or multiple aspects in a story would be a true shock. This is certainly not a knock against female authors! It is not at all an insult, actually. It is simply an analysis of the female niche in literature at a glance. The fact that Shelley annihilated this mold with Frankenstein is a testament to her creativity, uniqueness and skill, setting her apart from all authors, male or female, and elevating her to a position of respect and glory which spans generations and gender. When taking into account the female psychology, attempting to ascertain what a female would consciously or subconsciously attempt to prove with the novel is interesting. While several smaller points are made by Shelley in the text, the most important and overall message of the novel is this: no man or laboratory can replace the natural maternal nature of the human mother. The nurturing provided by a mother is the most necessary and vital experience of a child’s life and directly affects the person he becomes. While this process can be imitated with foster homes, day cares, orphanages and the like, only the direct bond between creator and creation will suffice to produce the best of outcomes. The first step is to show that Shelley intended for Victor to be viewed as a mother to his creation. The point that Victor is not a woman seems to enhance the idea that he is incapable of undertaking the tasks of a primary caregiver. Given Victor’s masculinity, she uses the characters to â€Å"experiment† with a creator-child relationship in the absence of the maternal nature of a woman. To do so she alludes to the strong parallels connecting the relationships. At the end of Volume 1, Victor’s thoughts turn to how he would â€Å"spend each vital drop of blood for [the family’s sake]† (Shelley 90). This quote is a reference to the womb and the â€Å"lifeblood† shared by a family. Each drop of blood circulating in a pregnant woman is shared by the fetus living within her as she literally creates the child in her womb. That blood is then shared by the next infant as mother and children grow together into a family united by this blood. Shelley is showing that just as Victor is bonded to his mother by blood, so too is he bonded with his Monster. This is not the first time Shelley portrays Victor as a motherly figure. In the description of the creation process, Shelley draws connections between it and a pregnancy many times. To begin with, the overall concept of the creation of an infant and the creation of a monster are nearly identical. Victor speaks of the â€Å"power placed within his hands† to â€Å"bestow animation† on â€Å"lifeless matter;† matter which will eventually become an incredible system with innumerable â€Å"intricacies of fibers, muscles, and veins† (Shelley 54). Is this not the same thing that can be said of a mother? For she, too, creates an intricate being from nothing with an â€Å"anxiety which almost amounts to agony† in the pains of pregnancy and labor (58). Having shown that Shelley intended for Victor to play the role of ‘mother’ in her analogy, focus will now shift to the ultimate point of the novel: The nurturing provided by a mother (Victor), is the most necessary and vital experience of a child’s life and directly affects the person he becomes. From the very beginning, Victor shirks the responsibility of nurture and literally runs from it. As the creature awakes he exclaims: â€Å"breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. Unable to endure the aspect of the being I had created; I rushed out of the room† (Shelley 58). The Monster then immediately assumes the role of infant in the relationship as Victor says, â€Å"His eyes were fixed on me. His jaws opened, and he muttered some inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks† (Shelley 59). In the normal human realm this situation would be met with a dozen tear-filled eyes seeking to hold and coddle the creation. Unfortunately for the Monster, no such treatment is offered by Victor. Frankenstein leaves the Monster to fend for himself. The horrible consequences of this lack of nurturing follow with intensity and frequency. This is proven by the rapidly building sense of confusion and loneliness within the monster. Feelings which are only multiplied by society’s general rejection of him. The Monster laments to Victor upon their reunion on these feelings, â€Å"no distinct ideas occupied my mind: all was confused. I felt light, and hunger and thirst, and darkness; innumerable sound rang in my ears and on all sides various scents saluted me† (Shelley 106). The Monster needed a person to provide some context for these sensations, he needed a nurturer to steer him through the difficult path of modern urban existence. He knew essentially nothing and suffered for it. The Monster recalls in a story to Victor his finding of huts, cottages and houses: â€Å"The whole village was roused; some fled, some attacked me, until, grievously bruised by stones and many other kinds of missile weapons, I escaped to the open country† (Shelley 109). Had Victor been there to guide and coach his creation through life as a mother does for her child, the Monster would have experienced exponentially less pain and suffering, if any at all. It was not just any instruction and care that the Monster desired. He yearned for the specific life-training that can only be offered by one’s creator. Although he learned language, work and more from the cottagers he observed, nothing could replace that which only Victor as the creator could offer. The Monster details this in conversation with Victor, â€Å"Of my creation and creator I was absolutely ignorant† he then complains of other calamities he faced before saying, â€Å"I cannot describe to you the agony that these reflections inflicted upon me: I tried to dispel them but sorrow only increased with knowledge† (Shelley 123). It was not the â€Å"knowledge† he desired—he was clearly receiving a more than satisfactory education from the cottage dwellers—it was the relationship with his creator that mattered most, from which the knowledge comes as a bi-product. To ask if Victor learns his lesson is not debatable. Shelley gives him a clear second chance to reevaluate his decision and he chooses correctly. The Monster asks, or more so, demands, point blank that Victor create him a counterpart: â€Å"You must create a female for me, with whom I can live in the interchange of those sympathies necessary for my being. This you alone can do; and I demand it of you as a right which you must not refuse to concede† (Shelley 147). Initially, Victor refuses, even under the threat of torture. Then, with the Monster’s convincing words and pleas for empathy, Victor agreed under the condition that the monster banish himself and his bride to South America. One night, however, in the midst of creating the second being, Victor suddenly came to the realization that the creation of a second female would not necessarily be for the better and â€Å"made a solemn vow in [his] own heart never to resume [his] labors† (Shelley 171). This resolution to not repeat his mistake shows that Victor recognized the error in his first creation. It is not the creation that was the problem. He obviously was more than capable of producing a counterpart for the first Monster, but realized that he could not provide the appropriate nurturing. He understood, finally, the main requirement of creation: the education and nurture of the creature to become what one intended for it to become, in other words, one has to finish the job. Just as with every human birth, one cannot just bring the creature into the world and let it fend for itself. Frankenstein saw the limitations he had as a creator and made the responsible decision to never repeat his mistake. While the original purpose of this essay was to elaborate on Shelley and the ideas she wrote about as a female, the themes of the novel are too universal to be pinned down as something only a female could create. Creation, it turns out, involves two parts: the first is the giving of life, and the second is the nurturing of life. As a female both of these are very prevalent, more so than with males, but this work shows that males are very responsible for creation. Maybe this entire book is a more than simple commentary on the need for males to step up into the second creation role to support their wives, or maybe it is just a good story about a monster and a man. Either way, Shelley produced a novel with incredibly far reaching themes which contains solid, undeniable arguments which were never touched by male authors, thus making Frankenstein one of the greatest novels of all time.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

An Analysis on Themes and Writing Techniques Essay Example for Free

An Analysis on Themes and Writing Techniques Essay Explain why George tells Nick the Story of the boy who ordered `bergin`. If this boy is actually George, explain why he does not tell Nick that the story is autobiographical. If the boy is not George, explain why he is so upset with Martha when she relates the story about the manuscript her father, the president of the college, would not let George publish. The play begins with George and Martha having just returned from a party hosted by Martha’s father, who is President of the college where George works as a professor. Martha has invited a new faculty member over for some drinks. It is later revealed that their guests at the after-party are a younger couple; Nick, the young, new professor at the Biology Department and his wife Honey. When Nick and Honey arrive, the seemingly innocent after-party evolves into a night of games, manipulation, confrontation and enlightenment for the two couples. As the night deepens, the effects of alcohol start to take over Martha and George. They start to reveal sensitive things about each other and their marriage. In Act Two of â€Å"Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? † George tells Nick the anecdote of a boy who once ordered â€Å"bergin†, killed his mother with a shotgun, and then after a year, crashed into a tree and killed his father. This happens after Nick confides in George the truth in his decision to marry Honey. He revealed that he married Honey not because he loved her but more because of the prospect of moving up the social ladder. The play also reveals that Honey does not plan on having children and has been avoiding getting pregnant by taking contraceptive pills. The side effects of the pills have been making her weak all along. (KONKLE, 2003) The reason why George did not tell Nick the story of the boy is his story is that he was too ashamed to admit to himself as well as to other people his troubled past for fear that he might be judged according to this incident. (KONKLE, 2003) Another reason why George disclosed the details of the story of the boy who accidentally killed his parents to Nick is to point out to Nick that no matter how perfect or ideal things may seem on the surface in the present, in truth, there is no such thing as ideal or perfect. The reality of life is that things are bound to go wrong all the time and people need to be ready for anything. What matters is how one deals with these difficulties. Nothing is permanent in the world. Sometimes things go the way you expect them to be but they can go the other way. The only thing permanent is change. The best way to cope with change is to recognize it, assess the veracity of the circumstance, and learn to adjust accordingly. It is important to see the reality of the situation so that in case there are problems that need to be solved, the best way to come up with a proper solution is to acknowledge the gravity of the situation. Trying to cover flaws or problems will only worsen the situation. Oftentimes, when this happens, small problems that are left unsolved snowball into an ‘avalanche’ that gets too big that it is bound to leave too much damage. George and Martha started out as a couple with so much promise of success in the future. However, things did not work out as they have planned and as expected. As such, they are having difficulty adjusting to this reality. Instead of accepting the reality of their predicament and exploring other alternatives to get them out of their â€Å"pothole†, so to speak, they chose to remain â€Å"oblivious† to their situation. George and Martha are trapped in their illusion of perfection and are too proud to admit the truth. They are thus thrust deeper in to their â€Å"pothole† of problems. (KONKLE, 2003) George became upset with Martha when she told the story about his manuscript that her father would not let him publish because it exposed his inadequacies. George is a proud man and it is very typical of him to refuse to reveal anything that would make him seem the least bit incompetent. The reality of this situation brought out their frustrations. The incident also highlighted the stark reality of the state of their affairs. Martha’s bickering drew attention to how disappointed that George was not live up to her and her father’s expectations and that she was so disgruntled with her marriage with George. (KONKLE, 2003) What ensued between the two couples reveals the similarities, to some degree, in their marriages. The only difference is that Nick and Honey represent the beginning stages and George and Martha represent the latter. The conversations between the men and the confrontation scenes expose the flaws in both marriages. Through George and Martha, Nick and Honey were allowed to â€Å"peek† into the future state of their relationship. They realize that should they do nothing about the present state of their marriage, they could end up in a place worse than where George and Martha are. For George and Martha, Nick and Honey represent a slice of their past. It allowed them a glance back at the things that have happened, which brought them to where they currently are in their marriage. Reference List KONKLE, L. (2003). Good, Better, Best, Bested: The Failure of American Typology in Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? In B. J. Mann, Edward Albee: A Casebook (p. 44). New York : Routledge.

Classification of bacteria

Classification of bacteria Bacteria Bacteria is a broad term for a famous type of single-celled micro organisms, There are thousands of species of bacteria. They actually have their own domain, which is called Bacteria. Domain is a new set of groups (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.). Bacteria is a Group of microscopic, single-celled microorganisms that inhabit virtually all environments, including water, soil, organic matters, and the bodies of plants and animals. Bacteria are distinguished in part by their genetic and morphological features; for instance, they may have spiral, spherical or rod like shapes. Bacteria are so widespread that it is possible only to make the most general statements about their life history and ecology. Bacteria are found on the tops of high mountains, the bottom of the deepest oceans, in the body of animals, and even in the frozen ice. Their ability to go dormant for an extended period is the main reason of their wide spread Gram satin: Bacteria can be divided into two main groups, gram-positive or gram-negative, based on the structure of their cell wall and their reaction to thegram stain. The cell walls of the gram-positive bacteria are very thick and consists of peptidoglycan ( a complex polymer that consist of 2 unusual types of amino sugars linked to short polypeptides.while, gram-negative bacteria, their cell walls are consist of 2 layers: a thin peptidoglycan wall and a thick outer membrane.(the outer membrane actually resembles the plasma membrane but it is less permeable and composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a harmful substance classified as an endotoxin) Falgella: Many bacteria swim by means of flagella which is composed of flagellin protein and it is responsible for the motility of the bacteria, bacteria may have a single flagellum at one pole(monotricate) or single flagellum at each pole(amphitricate) or as tuft of flagella at one or both poles (lophotricate) or may be disturbed over the entire cell(periticate).Bacteria with no flagella is called atricate bacteria. DNA: Bacterias DNA isnt found within amembrane inclosed neucles they are usually found in a single circularchromosomeand is distributed throughout thecytoplasm. Respiration: Most bacteria may be placed into one of three groups based on their response to gaseous oxygen,whether its aerobic, anaerobic or facultative anarobe. Aerobic bacteria are those how can survive only in the presences of oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria cannot tolerate gaseous oxygen, such as those bacteria which live in deep underwater sediments, or those which cause bacterial food poisoning. The third group are thefacultative anaerobes, which prefer growing in the presence of oxygen, but can continue to grow without it. Sources of energy: Bacteria may also be classified both by the mode by which they obtain their energy. Classified by the source of their energy, bacteria fall into two categories: heterotrophs and autotrophs Heterotrophs derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds that they must take in from the environment this includes saprobic bacteria found in decaying material, as well as those that rely onfermentationorrespiration. The other group, theautotrophs, fix carbon dioxide to make their own food source; this may be fueled by light energy (photoautotrophic), or by oxidation of nitrogen, sulfur, or other elements (chemoautotrophic). While chemoautotrophs are uncommon, photoautotrophs are common and quite diverse. They include the cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and purple nonsulfur bacteria. The sulfur bacteria are particularly interesting, since they use hydrogen sulfide as hydrogen donor, instead of water like most other photosynthetic organisms, including cyanobacteria. Shapes: There are seven main groups of bacteria, classified according to their shape.Two of the seven types make up the majority of all bacteria. They can be classified as follows: Cocci The gram positive cocci include the well known species Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Bacteria from both species are considered as friendly bacteria; they are useful and they have functions in the human body and in the environment. Some species can also be pathogenic. Staphylococcus aureus can cause impetigo and scalded skin syndrome, food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. Streptococcus pyogenes is the culprit usually responsible for tonsillitis and severe sore throats (strep throat), but many other infections maybe caused by it. There are two main types of gram negative cocci, both belongs to the genus Neisseria. Neisseria meningitidis causes a form of meningitis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the gonorrhea infection(a sexually transmitted infection ). The two species are more commonly called the meningococcus and the gonococcus. Bacilli Gram positive bacilli include Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria, Listeria monocytogenes, found in unpasteurized dairy products and responsible for dangerous infectious in pregnant women, and bacteria from the species Lactobacillus, friendly bacteria found in the gut. This group also includes two of the most dangerous types of bacteria known ever. One of them is the Bacillus species that causes anthrax, and the other one is Clostridium. One Clostridium species causes tetanus, another leads to botulism, it causes food poisoning. Gram negative bacilli are a large and varied group that are divided into different categories. The Entrobacteria include many species that cause food poisoning in humans E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, and also the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis. The Vibrio group contain bacteria that are shaped more like commas than rods and include the bug that is responsible for cholera. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is also a gram negative bacillus. This bacterium has been identified in the last 25 years as a major cause of stomach ulcers. Other gram negative bacilli are Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough, Haemophila influenza which causes pneumonia, , and Brucella bacteria, which are associated with brucellosis in cattle. The last group is the Bacteroides, a species of bacteria that are very common in the human gut. In fact, they make up a quarter of the dead bacteria in faeces. Why do we Classify Bacteria? The major advantage of the classification of bacteria is to make identification easier. There are many biochemical tests that can separate the different groups and the different species, enabling physicians to make an accurate diagnosis of bacterial infections. Refrences: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacterialh.html http://www.answers.com/topic/bacteria http://www.typesofbacteria.co.uk/how-many-types-bacteria-are-there.html http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;_ylt=AsS0ifALPm4qGWglSNvbTQgjzKIX;_ylv=3?qid=20071007172608AApA2q8 http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/graphics/i5.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccus

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Gatorade Marketing Essay -- Advertising Sports Drink Beverage

Executive Summary: Gatorade was first formed in the 1960's in Florida. The doctors of the University of Florida noticed that their football players where severely dehydrated in turn the players lacked the performance of the field. After several tests the doctors came up with a carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage that kept the players hydrated since water was not doing the trick. After noticing dramatic success in their teams' record in football, players and coaches wanted Gatorade to be on their sidelines each and every game. After the success in college sports, the Gatorade Company was on the sidelines helping professional athletes such as Michael Jordan. Players from the NBA, NFL and even NASCAR have all chosen to drink Gatorade. Gatorade even took the worldwide stage by introducing the brand to China, Colombia, the Middle East, South Africa and another 75 more countries. Even after all this success and 35 years in business, Gatorade keeps their focus on pro-players, amateur athle tes, or anyone else. Strategic Focus and Plan Mission: The mission of Gatorade is to be the number one in sport drinks. They are trying to increase their distribution of the Gatorade bottle by reaching more channels of distribution, by doing this Gatorade is trying to make the base larger. Gatorade is very successful in achieving their goals of owning the majority of the market share, as they handle approximately 88% of the market shares. They are also trying to give the maximum profit and trust to their shareholders by increasing company's sales and profit. Goals: The first goal Gatorade is trying to achieve is to be the most dominant thirst quencher distributor in the market and eliminate any competition. To increase their means ... ...lass.panam.edu/mana6390/flashreports/FR5B.htm http://www.birnbaumassociates.com/implementing-strategy.htm">http://www.birnbaumassociates.com/implementing-strategy.htm http://www.quakeroats.com/qfb_News/PressRelease.cfm?ID=159">http://www.quakeroats.com/qfb_News/PressRelease.cfm?ID=159 http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=8&did=000000010430650&SrchMode=1&sid=6&Fmt=4&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1066862711&clientId=20368 http://www.kellogg.nwu.edu/faculty/sterntha/htm/module3/9.html http://www.canoe.ca/HealthExtremeCuisine/bevcomparison.html www.quakeroats.com The Quaker Oats Company 2003 Annual Report. The Quaker Oats Company 2002 Annual Report. The Quaker Oats Company 2001 Annual Report. The Quaker Oats Company 2000 Annual Report. The Quaker Oats Company 1999 Annual Report. The Quaker Oats Company 1998 Annual Report.

Monday, August 19, 2019

Ben Franklin :: essays research papers

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was a multi-talented person. He was a printer, and inventor, and a writer. As a writer, he wrote many publications but among this vast collection was a small piece in which Franklin states his beliefs on what may be the proper task to being morally perfect. His opinions are brief; yet complete enough to be considered descript enough to follow. His steps are insightful but just as much vague.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Temperance: Franklin’s first topic, which may be thought to have Franklin’s top choice at a most important step, is Temperance. In his instructions, he states that no once should eat to dullness, nor drink to elevation. This simply means that Franklin believes it is imperfect to eat to excess or to become intoxicated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Silence: This topic is thought to be an important one by many as well as Benjamin because it states that you should “speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversations.'; Franklins believe that to be “morally perfect'; once must not speak unless it is necessary or of importance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Order: Here is a step, which must be the reason in which I am doing my homework right now and concentrating on just this. Franklin believes that everything must have it’s place, and business must have it’s own time. This being my “business'; it is receiving it’s own time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Resolution: “Decide what you need to do, and do what you say you are going to do.'; Ben says that you must figure out what it is that you are responsible to do, and do it so that you can be considered responsible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frugality: You should be nice to others because it is only going to cause trouble if you are not pleasant to be around. Being nice to others will not only benefit the others but yourself, as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Industry: You must take care of precious time because once a moment has passed, it is lost forever and can never be replayed or relived. Time is valuable so you should not waste it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sincerity: “Use not hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

The Selfishness of Oedipus in Oedipus the King :: Oedipus Rex, Sophocles

"Selfishness is the greatest curse of the human race,† as quoted by William E. Gladstone, supports my thought that selfishness is what causes most of our problems in the modern world. Currently, we are living in an era that is filled with much gluttony and selfishness. However, selfishness is a trait that all of us possess, but the amount of selfishness that we have can determine the type of person we are. For instance, parents should always put their children’s needs before their own. Selfish parents would rather buy materialistic items for themselves than anything useful for their children. In Sophocles’s â€Å"Oedipus Rex,† the protagonist is literally blinded by his own arrogance. This attitude begins before he even travels to Thebes, and that is apparent due to the circumstances of his father’s death. Oedipus seals his own fate with his egotistical attitude and he cannot change his destiny after everything is set into motion. During his jo urney on the road to enlightenment, Oedipus’s selfishness causes him to transcend from being completely ignorant of his fate to holding on to the last shreds of denial to having an overwhelming sense of realization. The selfishness that Oedipus possesses causes him to have abundance of ignorance. This combination is what leads to his father’s death. After fleeing Corinth and his foster family, Oedipus gets into a skirmish with an older man. The reason for the fight was because, â€Å"The groom leading the horses forced me off the road at his lord’s command† (1336). Oedipus is filled with a rage after being insulted by the lord and feels the need to act. The two men fight, but Oedipus ends up being too much for the older man, and he kills him. What Oedipus is unaware of is that the man was actually his birth father and by killing him, Oedipus has started on the path of his own destruction. Not only does Oedipus kill his father, but also everyone else, â€Å"I killed them all† (1336). The other men had no part in the scuffle, but in his rage, he did not care who he was killing. As Oedipus becomes king, his selfishness only grows, as does his denial. As the king, he gained the burden of Thebes whenever a problem arose. To find a way to rid his city of the plague, he sent Kreon so that he would have some answers and be able to place the blame on something or someone.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Business Research Methodology & Quantitative Statistics Essay

The nature of business breed conflicts, obstacles and problems to discover, study and overcome. Every business has problems. They may be small or big problems in small businesses or global corporations, but they are still problems and all require attention. These businesses must address problems by identifying, analyzing and ultimately establishing their own research-based decisions and pursue actions for solutions to the problems. Business supervisors, managers and virtually all realms of leadership are constantly studying and analyzing such business issues. Organizational leadership is intimately involved in different forms of Business Research while they are addressing issues in their decision making processes towards their own business environment for the good of the company. The purpose of this paper is to apply a critical evaluation of the California InterContinental University (CalU) GRC 605, Mini Project for week one in the Business Research Methodology & Quantitative Statistics course (CalU, 2012). This paper will address the importance of business managers embracing the concept that research initiatives are vital to achieve and maintain a competitive business advantage. Discussion in this paper includes general and specific definitions of good and bad forms or research. Finally, this paper will explain the Research Process and provide relevant examples. Explain the Importance of Research The saying goes that those who ignore history are doomed to repeat it. The business leadership may be highly educated and accomplished in their specific industry. However, failure to keep up with business research in the industry they are operating in may result in missed opportunities to increase or even maintain optimum company revenue. Knowledge of business research resources allows business managers to be aware of successes and failures in their industry and can prevent making the same mistakes and enhance the propensity for success. Trends, processes, failures, successes and best practices in their business arena are all salient business insights research may provide. Savvy business managers have a healthy understanding of the virtues of business research and the Research Methods. Training in business research and research methods helps managers become cognizant of the complex nature of business situations. Bougie and Sekaran (2009) suggest the value of research training also enables manager to see through and reject overly simplistic answers to complex issues. Successful business managers study the pros and cons of all potential courses of action before making decisions. They will pursue targeted reviews of other Like-Industry Research findings, which assist these business Decision Makers (DM) in determining if research other than their own Primary findings may be of value as a form of positive or negative implementation for an internal evaluation process and business strategy. Accomplished DMs recognize the importance of Knowledge of Research tools and Methodology in the decision making process. Therefore, successful business DMs pursue the knowledge of research to better control, predict and understand events in their environments to make informed managemen t decisions (Bougie & Sekaran, 2009). Define â€Å"Good† Research Bougie & Sekaran (2009) emphasize the business industry recognized Good Research methods as those, which focus DMs on the multitude of variables in a business problem. Good research follows a focal point on the multi-causality and multi-finality of a given business event to assist in avoiding uninformed, simplistic thoughts of one variable causing another. Successful DMs acknowledge professional research project results originating from their own organizations primary research resources will aide them in the essential action plans with known propensities of success in their decisions. Good research is a bottom-line essential decision-making tool for DMs use (Gorelick, 1993). Good business research involves the use of scientific inquiry into a specific problem, which demands a sound solution for the DMs consideration. Good research requires a logical, step-by-step methodology that is both purposeful and rigorous to ensure a valid end-product. The scientific investigation process and DMs conclusions are essential aspects of an effective problem-solving course of action. Codes of conduct or business research ethics are paramount to the validation of good business research. Data collection, analysis, reporting and dissemination are all salient aspects of good research products, which must be conducted under business research ethical standards recognized in journals and professional publications devoted to the issue of business research ethics. Ethical issues must be addressed with industry standards and superintendence by industry watchdogs for the conduct of business research (Bougie & Sekaran, 2009). Explain the Research Process with Examples Bougie & Sekaran (2009) advance the Hypothetico-deductive research business research model. This Scientific Research method provides a systematic approach for basic and managerial problem solving through a seven-step process. The first step identifies a broad problem area such as a business’s drop in sales, which prompt the DM to initiate the business research project. The second step addresses a general objective of the business research with a well-defined problem statement. This step includes gathering preliminary information through interviews on topics intimately associated with the business environment or conducting a literature review to determine the extent to which the business problem has been exploited. The third step develops a hypothesis by fleshing out, identifying and testing probable variables that are causing the problem, and with gathered information, a prediction is made. A hypothesis follows the frame of an IF/THEN proposal. The primary trait of a hypothesis is that something can be tested and that those tests can be replicated (Zimmerman, 2012). An example of a hypothesis to the problem statement of declining sales may include overpricing as the reason why the business sales are dropping. Determining measures for testing the hypothesis is the fourth step in the business research process. Variables must be measurable or the hypothesis is not testable. The fifth, sixth and seventh steps in the business research method includes; data collection, data analysis and data interpretation. These include selecting the best method for gathering the data, analysis the gathered data to test the hypothesis and finally study the results of the business research project to determine if the hypothesis was correct or refinement of theories and testing is prudent. DMs can then take the results and determine management business decision courses of action (Bougie & Sekaran, 2009). Conclusion Business research is an essential tool that equips organizational leadership with the knowledge that guides informed decisions, grounded in the scientific process to address the business problems. Being educated in the research method process is a hallmark of a modern, successful, professional business manager. Knowing and believing that business problems have problem-solving processes, allow these business managers to proactively identify business problems and address them with strategies to overcome dilemmas before they reach a critical point. Today’s DMs turn to professional business research journals to study problems other industry competitors faced. That along with employing successful business practices, or best methods other industry organizations have used, may work to avoid problems in their own situation. A major factor for the business manager’s consideration is deciphering both good business research project reports and those not validated through the scientific method. In such, leaders may make calculated business decisions with full knowledge of all the risks and advantages involved. Their research knowledge provides sound insight of foreseeable probabilities resulting from the decision – eyes wide open. Further, a well-read, well-trained business manager is savvy to internal and external vested interests that may attempt to exert or advocate their decision preferences, which may be flawed or prejudiced. Practical experience and formal, scientific education and training in the business research field provide the business manager with the best possible combination for calculated, informed senior business decision making (Bougie & Sekaran, 2009). References Bougie, R., Sekaran, U. (2009). Research and markets: Research Methods for Business – A skill Building Approach. (5th Ed). John Wiley & sons Ltd Publishing. California InterContinental University. (2010, Jun 16). Study Guide, GRC 605, Research and Markets: Research Methods for Business – A Skill Building Approach, 5th ed. Gorelick, D. (1993). Good Research has Obvious – and Not So Obvious Benefits. Marking News, 27(19), 16-16. Retrieved 14 January 2013 from http://search.proquest.com/docview/216424702?accountid=35996 Zimmerman, Kim Ann. â€Å"What is a Scientific Hypothesis? | Definition of Hypothesis | LiveScience .† Science News – Science Articles and Current Events | LiveScience . Live Sciences, 10 July 2012. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. .

Friday, August 16, 2019

The 3M Success Story

From sandpaper to bioelectronic ears, 3M has come a long way. 3M is a prime example of how employees can turn a dying business into a multibillion-dollar company. 3M encourages employees to create new products and explore new ideas. This management tactic allows 3M to produce over 60,000 new products each year, successfully keeping up with our constantly changing, fast-paced economy. In the last 99 years it has been in business 3M, has become a well known as a worldwide business. Employing more than 90,000 employees, it made $19 billion in sales in the year 2000. 52% of which were made outside the USA. It has seventeen technology centers worldwide, with manufacturing sites in thirty-nine countries. 3M makes the difficulty of globalization seem like a piece of chocolate cake. 3M†s success is based on its 90,000 intrapreneurs. It recognized that employees were not merely simple workers, but talented entrepreneurs who needed only to be encouraged and appreciated. A business can keep its entrepreneurial spirit alive by, first and foremost, encouraging its employees to be innovative. It should also provide incentives like money, raises, vacations, promotions, etc. Businesses need to show appreciation and make its employees feel like they are valuable assets to the company. Employees are a company†s gold mine. They are a company†s most important stakeholders. They can make or break a business. A business needs only to please its employees and in turn, these gold minds will gleam and become great entrepreneurs. Though entrepreneurship is valuable, can a too diverse production cause a stumbling block for a company? If a business does not have the capital to support multiple products, it is not encourage able. Yet it should not put a total halt on new ideas and products, but create closely related products instead to begin with. 3M did not jump from sandpaper manufacturing to creating programmable disks. They started off with regular sandpaper then created environmentally safe waterproof sandpaper. However, if a company has the capital to produce new things and support new ideas, it is highly advisable to be involved in diverse industries. A company needs to keep up with the times. Product and service demands change with time. If a company only knows one business and is not widely diverse, it has higher chances of failure. Will diverse industries prevent a corporation from having expertise in all the areas? How could it not have experts? The employees are the inventors! After creating new ideas and products a company should always follow up on its products from production through marketing. This is very important in order to detect any signs of defects and safety issues quickly. This will also keep the company aware of how their product is doing out on the market and what they can do to improve their products. It will also give the company an insight into what the market wants. Now that we have a grasp on the importance of intrapreneuring, could 3M survive without it? I don†t know. How often do you buy sandpaper?

How to Achieve Sales Target

How To Achieve Sales Targets Sales personnel often ask themselves how to achieve sales targets? Prospects are more savvy now when buying products and there is a wider choice of products in the market place. What can sales people do to achieve these targets? 1. Selling Is About The Value The Customer Gets Many sales people study very well the features and functions of the products and services that they sell. What is more important is to understand what value the product or service brings to the person who buys it. For a given product, different people buy it for their own unique reasons.It is therefore necessary to know what are the kinds of needs that the product or service serves. You can then find out the needs of the prospect first and then only present your product or service in the light of their requirements. This approach will not only help you close the sale with the prospect that you are dealing with. It will help to increase referral sales that you can get. 2. Serve Before Selling Sales people can be so focused on selling that they may not realize that this approach is normally seen as very aggressive by the prospect.To understand the prospect needs and to serve the prospect with no expectation of selling is actually proving to be a much more effective way of selling. Once you know the prospect needs, be generous about tips on how the person can meet their needs. One of the options, of course, is to use the product or service that you are selling. This approach is subtle and non-threatening. Even if the prospect did not buy, the chances that they will refer you to someone else is high. In addition, they may later decide to buy your product. So, do remember to give your contact details even if you do not make a sale. 3. Strategize And Follow Your StrategyWhen you are faced with a question of how to achieve sales targets, the first step must be to strategize. Without a strategy, you will be aimlessly going through actions not really knowing if you can achieve your target. Then, of course, follow your strategy. In following your strategy, monitor the results to check if your strategy is working the way you intended it to. If it does not, then it is time to evaluate and make adjustments based on your findings. This simply means that you have mini-targets and dates against which you track your progress. While strategies are high level, they are still not cast in concrete.It will be pointless pursuing a strategy that you realize is not making headway. 4. Develop A Plan Based On Your Strategy It is important that a strategy is converted into a working plan with dates and expected results or deliverables at each of these dates. In the event that other people are involved, clearly state who is accountable for each of these actions. Identifying results or deliverables is important as these will indicate if the actions have been successfully completed. Use these results and deliverables as a basis to make any adjustments to your action pl an or even to the strategy if required. . Enjoy The Journey Make sure that the whole process of achieving sales targets is an enjoyable journey for you. If you find that it is not, you may want to find ways of creating some fun along the way. There are people who use fun stationery when planning and tracking their work. Even strategizing can be fun when using colors and pictures. Mind maps are a great way to get your creative juices flowing. Another way will be to reward yourself not just at the end of achieving your objectives, but also at milestone achievements. These do not have to burn a hole in your pocket.While you could take a holiday at the end of the project, at milestone achievements, you might want to reward yourself with watching a movie or buying that new pair of shoes. It could even be as simple as having that ice cream only when you achieve the milestone. Steps on strategizing, planning, tracking and rewarding are common thoughts on how to be successful at sales. Add to this the concepts of serving before selling and the value you bring to the customer, and you will have a winning strategy on how to achieve your sales targets.

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Human a&P Ch. 22 Respiratory System

Name:Â   Date:Â   Link to: 22.1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 1. Which of the following is not part of the upper respiratory system? A)Nose B)Oral cavity C)Pharynx D)Trachea E)Nasal meatuses Ans:D Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 2. The conducting zone does NOT act to A)clean air of debris. B)conduct air into the lungs. C)add water to air. D)warm air. E)It does all of the above. Ans:E Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 3. Which of the following is a passageway for air and food? A)Pharynx B)Larynx C)Paranasal sinuses D)Trachea E)Esophagus Ans:A Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 4. The opening to the pharynx from the mouth is called A)Palatine B)Hypopharynx C)Meatuses D)Fauces E)Vestibule Ans:D Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 5. This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea. A)Arytenoid cartilage B)Epiglottis C)Nasopharynx D)Thyroid cartilage E)Paranasal sinus Ans:B Link to: 22. Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 6. During swallowing, which structure rises? A)Pharynx B)esophagus C)Trachea D)Palatine tonsils E)Primary bronchi Ans:A Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 7. These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage. A)Corniculate cartilage B)Arytenoids cartilage C)Cricotracheal cartilage D)Cuneiform cartilage E)Laryngeal cartilage Ans:B Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 8. Pitch is controlled by A)vibration of the vocal chords. B)tension of the vocal chords. C)layers of cartilage in the vocal chords. D)arrangement of the vocal chords. E)None of the above Ans:B Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 9. This is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi. A)Trachea B)Larynx C)Nasopharynx D)Pharynx E)None of the above Ans:A Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 10. This is the primary gas exchange site. A)Trachea B)Bronchiole C)Nasal sinuses D)Alveolus E)Bronchus Ans:D Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 11. Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system? A)Stratified squamous epithelium with keratin B)Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C)Hyaline cartilage D)Mucus membrane E)Bone Ans:C Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 12. Which of the below tissues provides the functions of the inner layer of the conducting organs? A)stratified squamous epithelium with keratin B)ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C)cilated cuboidal epithelium with goblet cells D)transitional epithelium with cilia E)columnar connective tissue with goblet cells Ans:B Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 13. The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called: A)Carina B)Secondary bronchioles C)Parietal pleura D)Visceral pleura E)Diaphragm Ans:A Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 14. Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus? A)Stratified squamous epithelium B)Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C)Simple squamous epithelium D)Hyaline cartilage E)Columnar connective tissue with goblet cells Ans:C Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 15. These are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant. A)Type I alveolar cells B)Type II alveolar cells C)Type III alveolar cells D)Surface cells E)Macrophages Ans:B Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 16. This is direction of diffusion of gases at capillaries near systemic cells. A)Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide into blood B)Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide into blood C)Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood D)Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood E)None of the above is correct. Ans:B Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 17. This is direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs. A)Oxygen into blood , Carbon dioxide into blood B)Oxygen out of blood , Carbon dioxide into blood C)Oxygen into blood , Carbon dioxide out of blood D)Oxygen out of blood , Carbon dioxide out of blood E)None of the above is correct. Ans:C Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 18. Exhalation begins when A)Inspiratory muscles relax B)Diaphragm contracts C)Blood circulation is the lowest D)Inspiratory muscles relax and the diaphragm contracts E)All of the above Ans:A Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 19. This means the lungs and the chest wall expand easily. A)High surface tension B)Low surface tension C)High compliance D)Low compliance E)None of the above Ans:C Link to: 22. 4 Lung volumes 20. The conducting airways with the air that does not undergo gas exchange are known as the A)inspiratory volume. B)expiratory reserve volume. C)minimal volume. D)residual volume. E)anatomic dead space. Ans:E Link to: 22. 4 Lung volumes 21. This is the sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume. A)Total lung capacity B)Functional residual capacity C)Inspiratory capacity D)Vital capacity E)Minimal volume Ans:B Link to: 22. 6 Respiration 22. Which of the following is not a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on? A)Partial pressure difference of the gases B)Surface area for gas exchange C)Diffusion distance D)Molecular weight and solubility of the gases E)Force of contraction of diaphragm Ans:E Link to: 22. 7 Oxygen is primarily transported 23. Which is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport? A)Bound to hemoglobin B)Bound to oxygen C)Dissolved in plasma as a gas D)Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions E)Diffusion Ans:D Link to: 22. 10 Acid-base balance 24. When blood pH drops then the amount of oxyhemoglobin _______ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells ________________. A)increases, increases B)Increases, decreases C)Decreases, increases D)Decreases, decreases E)Does not change, does not change Ans:C Link to: 22. 7 Oxygen is primarily transported 25. Which is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? A)pH of blood B)Partial pressure of the oxygen C)Amount of oxygen available D)Temperature E)Respiratory rate Ans:E Use the following to answer questions 26-36 Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 26. Where are the nasal conchae? A)A B)C C)T D)U E)V Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 27. Where is the lingual tonsil? A)C B)E C)N D)P E)F Ans:E Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 28. Which tonsils are found in the oropharynx? A)V B)R C)S D)Q E)U Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 29. What is also referred to as the Adam's Apple? A)G B)H C)I D)J E)K Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 30. Where is the larynx? A)I B)M C)L D)N E)O Ans:A Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 31. This is a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx. A)J B)K C)G D)H E)O Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 32. Where is the uvula? A)E B)F C)Q D)S E)U Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 33. Where are the palatine tonsils? A)E B)F C)R D)U E)None of the above Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 34. Where is the soft palate? A)C B)E C)G D)Q E)S Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 35. Where is the epiglottis? A)O B)R C)S D)F E)Q Ans:A Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 36. Where are the olfactory receptors found? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)U Ans:B Use the following to answer questions 37-40: Reference: Ref 22-2Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 37. What is line D pointing to? A)Thyrohyoid membrane B)Arytenoid cartilage C)Cricothyroid ligament D)Cricoid cartilage E)Tracheal cartilage Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-2Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 38. Where is the cricoid cartilage? A)D B)E C)F D)G E)H Ans:E Reference: Ref 22-2 Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 39. Where is the tracheal cartilage? A)J B)I C)H D)G E)F Ans:A Reference: Ref 22-2 Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 40. What is line A pointing to? A)Hyoid bone B)Trachea C)Adams Apple D) Thyroid E) Epiglottis Ans:E Use the following to answer questions 41-45: Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 41. What line is pointing to the left terminal bronchiole? A)G B)N C)H D)A E)None of the above Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 42. What is line J pointing to? A)Right secondary bronchus B)Left secondary bronchus C)Right primary bronchus D)Left primary bronchus E)Carina Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 43. Where is the right bronchiole? A)F B)G C)H D)L E)M Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 44. What lines are pointing to tertiary bronchi? A)E and K B)D and J C)F and L D)H and M E)A and B Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 45. What is line B pointing to? A)Carina B)Visceral pleura C)Parietal pleura D)Pleural cavity E)Diaphragm Ans:C Use the following to answer questions 46-48: Reference: Ref 22-4Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 46. Identify the alveolar sac. A)A B)B C)C D)D E)E Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-4Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 47. What is line C pointing to? A)Terminal bronchiole B)Respiratory bronchiole C)Alveolar ducts D)Alveolar sac E)Alveoli Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-4Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 48. Where is the terminal bronchiole? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)E Ans:A Â  Use the following to answer questions 49-51: Reference: Ref 22-5Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 49. This provides disease resistance within the lungs. A)A B)B C)C D)D E)None of the above Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-5Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 50. Which cells are the main sites of gas exchange? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)All of the above Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-5Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 51. Which cell secretes surfactant? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)None of the above Ans:A Link to: 22. 8 The basic rhythm of respiration 52. The basic rhythm of respiration is controlled by the A)pons. B)medulla oblongata. C)hypothalamus. D)pneumotaxic area. E)apneustic area. Ans:B Link to: 22. 6 Respiration occurs between alveoli 53. The exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called A)pulmonary ventilation. B)internal respiration. C)external respiration. D)expiration. E)inspiration. Ans:B Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 54. For air to enter the lungs during inhalation A)the pressure inside the lungs must become lower than the atmospheric pressure. B)the pressure inside the lungs must be higher than the atmospheric pressure. C)the pressure inside the lungs must be equal to the atmospheric pressure. D)the size of the lungs must be decreased. E)the diaphragm has to be relaxed. Ans:A Link to: 22. 6 Respiration occurs between alveoli 55. Which of the following affect(s) the release of oxygen from hemoglobin? A)partial pressure of oxygen B)temperature C)acidity D)carbon dioxide in the tissue E)all of the above. Ans:E Link to: 22. 7 Oxygen is primarily transported 56. Carbon monoxide: A)binds weakly to amino acids within hemoglobin B)binds to the heme group of hemoglobin C)binds more strongly to the heme than oxygen does D)binds weakly to amino acids within hemoglobin and binds to the heme group of hemoglobin E)binds to the heme group of hemoglobin and binds more strongly to the heme than oxygen does Ans:E Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 57. Name and briefly describe the three basic processes of respiration. Ans:1. Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs due to contraction and relaxation of muscles that control the size of the thoracic cavity. 2. External respiration is the exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. 3. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood in the systemic capillaries and tissues. Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 58. Describe the inward forces of elastic recoil, and explain why the lungs do not normally collapse during expiration. Ans:Elastic recoil is the recoil of elastic fibers stretched during inspiration and the pull of the surface tension of alveolar fluid. Intrapleural pressure is always subatmospheric during normal breathing, which tends to pull lungs outward and to keep alveolar pressure from equalizing with atmospheric pressure. Surfactant in alveolar fluid decreases surface tension to help prevent collapse. Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation Inhalation and exhalation, 22. 5: Oxygen and carbon and 22. 6: Respiration 59. In chronic emphysema, some alveoli merge together and some are replaced with fibrous connective tissue. In addition, the bronchioles are often inflamed, and expiratory volume is reduced. Using proper respiratory system terminology, explain at least four reasons why affected individuals will have problems with ventilation and external respiration. Ans:Answers could include: reduced compliance (reduces ability to increase thoracic volume); increased airway resistance (decreases tidal volume); decreased diffusion due to increased diffusion distance, decreased surface area, and changes in partial pressures of gases (altering gradients). Other answers may be acceptable. Human a&P Ch. 22 Respiratory System Name:Â   Date:Â   Link to: 22.1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 1. Which of the following is not part of the upper respiratory system? A)Nose B)Oral cavity C)Pharynx D)Trachea E)Nasal meatuses Ans:D Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 2. The conducting zone does NOT act to A)clean air of debris. B)conduct air into the lungs. C)add water to air. D)warm air. E)It does all of the above. Ans:E Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 3. Which of the following is a passageway for air and food? A)Pharynx B)Larynx C)Paranasal sinuses D)Trachea E)Esophagus Ans:A Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 4. The opening to the pharynx from the mouth is called A)Palatine B)Hypopharynx C)Meatuses D)Fauces E)Vestibule Ans:D Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 5. This structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea. A)Arytenoid cartilage B)Epiglottis C)Nasopharynx D)Thyroid cartilage E)Paranasal sinus Ans:B Link to: 22. Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 6. During swallowing, which structure rises? A)Pharynx B)esophagus C)Trachea D)Palatine tonsils E)Primary bronchi Ans:A Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 7. These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage. A)Corniculate cartilage B)Arytenoids cartilage C)Cricotracheal cartilage D)Cuneiform cartilage E)Laryngeal cartilage Ans:B Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 8. Pitch is controlled by A)vibration of the vocal chords. B)tension of the vocal chords. C)layers of cartilage in the vocal chords. D)arrangement of the vocal chords. E)None of the above Ans:B Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 9. This is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi. A)Trachea B)Larynx C)Nasopharynx D)Pharynx E)None of the above Ans:A Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 10. This is the primary gas exchange site. A)Trachea B)Bronchiole C)Nasal sinuses D)Alveolus E)Bronchus Ans:D Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 11. Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system? A)Stratified squamous epithelium with keratin B)Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C)Hyaline cartilage D)Mucus membrane E)Bone Ans:C Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 12. Which of the below tissues provides the functions of the inner layer of the conducting organs? A)stratified squamous epithelium with keratin B)ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C)cilated cuboidal epithelium with goblet cells D)transitional epithelium with cilia E)columnar connective tissue with goblet cells Ans:B Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 13. The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called: A)Carina B)Secondary bronchioles C)Parietal pleura D)Visceral pleura E)Diaphragm Ans:A Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 14. Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus? A)Stratified squamous epithelium B)Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells C)Simple squamous epithelium D)Hyaline cartilage E)Columnar connective tissue with goblet cells Ans:C Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 15. These are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant. A)Type I alveolar cells B)Type II alveolar cells C)Type III alveolar cells D)Surface cells E)Macrophages Ans:B Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 16. This is direction of diffusion of gases at capillaries near systemic cells. A)Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide into blood B)Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide into blood C)Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood D)Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood E)None of the above is correct. Ans:B Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 17. This is direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs. A)Oxygen into blood , Carbon dioxide into blood B)Oxygen out of blood , Carbon dioxide into blood C)Oxygen into blood , Carbon dioxide out of blood D)Oxygen out of blood , Carbon dioxide out of blood E)None of the above is correct. Ans:C Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 18. Exhalation begins when A)Inspiratory muscles relax B)Diaphragm contracts C)Blood circulation is the lowest D)Inspiratory muscles relax and the diaphragm contracts E)All of the above Ans:A Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 19. This means the lungs and the chest wall expand easily. A)High surface tension B)Low surface tension C)High compliance D)Low compliance E)None of the above Ans:C Link to: 22. 4 Lung volumes 20. The conducting airways with the air that does not undergo gas exchange are known as the A)inspiratory volume. B)expiratory reserve volume. C)minimal volume. D)residual volume. E)anatomic dead space. Ans:E Link to: 22. 4 Lung volumes 21. This is the sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume. A)Total lung capacity B)Functional residual capacity C)Inspiratory capacity D)Vital capacity E)Minimal volume Ans:B Link to: 22. 6 Respiration 22. Which of the following is not a factor that the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on? A)Partial pressure difference of the gases B)Surface area for gas exchange C)Diffusion distance D)Molecular weight and solubility of the gases E)Force of contraction of diaphragm Ans:E Link to: 22. 7 Oxygen is primarily transported 23. Which is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport? A)Bound to hemoglobin B)Bound to oxygen C)Dissolved in plasma as a gas D)Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions E)Diffusion Ans:D Link to: 22. 10 Acid-base balance 24. When blood pH drops then the amount of oxyhemoglobin _______ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells ________________. A)increases, increases B)Increases, decreases C)Decreases, increases D)Decreases, decreases E)Does not change, does not change Ans:C Link to: 22. 7 Oxygen is primarily transported 25. Which is a factor that does NOT affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen? A)pH of blood B)Partial pressure of the oxygen C)Amount of oxygen available D)Temperature E)Respiratory rate Ans:E Use the following to answer questions 26-36 Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 26. Where are the nasal conchae? A)A B)C C)T D)U E)V Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 27. Where is the lingual tonsil? A)C B)E C)N D)P E)F Ans:E Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 28. Which tonsils are found in the oropharynx? A)V B)R C)S D)Q E)U Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 29. What is also referred to as the Adam's Apple? A)G B)H C)I D)J E)K Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 30. Where is the larynx? A)I B)M C)L D)N E)O Ans:A Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 31. This is a ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx. A)J B)K C)G D)H E)O Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 32. Where is the uvula? A)E B)F C)Q D)S E)U Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 33. Where are the palatine tonsils? A)E B)F C)R D)U E)None of the above Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 34. Where is the soft palate? A)C B)E C)G D)Q E)S Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 35. Where is the epiglottis? A)O B)R C)S D)F E)Q Ans:A Reference: Ref 22-1Link to: 22. 1 Inhaled air travels in the upper respiratory system 36. Where are the olfactory receptors found? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)U Ans:B Use the following to answer questions 37-40: Reference: Ref 22-2Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 37. What is line D pointing to? A)Thyrohyoid membrane B)Arytenoid cartilage C)Cricothyroid ligament D)Cricoid cartilage E)Tracheal cartilage Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-2Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 38. Where is the cricoid cartilage? A)D B)E C)F D)G E)H Ans:E Reference: Ref 22-2 Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 39. Where is the tracheal cartilage? A)J B)I C)H D)G E)F Ans:A Reference: Ref 22-2 Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 40. What is line A pointing to? A)Hyoid bone B)Trachea C)Adams Apple D) Thyroid E) Epiglottis Ans:E Use the following to answer questions 41-45: Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 41. What line is pointing to the left terminal bronchiole? A)G B)N C)H D)A E)None of the above Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 42. What is line J pointing to? A)Right secondary bronchus B)Left secondary bronchus C)Right primary bronchus D)Left primary bronchus E)Carina Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 43. Where is the right bronchiole? A)F B)G C)H D)L E)M Ans:B Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 44. What lines are pointing to tertiary bronchi? A)E and K B)D and J C)F and L D)H and M E)A and B Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-3Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 45. What is line B pointing to? A)Carina B)Visceral pleura C)Parietal pleura D)Pleural cavity E)Diaphragm Ans:C Use the following to answer questions 46-48: Reference: Ref 22-4Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 46. Identify the alveolar sac. A)A B)B C)C D)D E)E Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-4Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 47. What is line C pointing to? A)Terminal bronchiole B)Respiratory bronchiole C)Alveolar ducts D)Alveolar sac E)Alveoli Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-4Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 48. Where is the terminal bronchiole? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)E Ans:A Â  Use the following to answer questions 49-51: Reference: Ref 22-5Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 49. This provides disease resistance within the lungs. A)A B)B C)C D)D E)None of the above Ans:D Reference: Ref 22-5Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 50. Which cells are the main sites of gas exchange? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)All of the above Ans:C Reference: Ref 22-5Link to: 22. 2 Inhaled air travels in the lower respiratory system 51. Which cell secretes surfactant? A)A B)B C)C D)D E)None of the above Ans:A Link to: 22. 8 The basic rhythm of respiration 52. The basic rhythm of respiration is controlled by the A)pons. B)medulla oblongata. C)hypothalamus. D)pneumotaxic area. E)apneustic area. Ans:B Link to: 22. 6 Respiration occurs between alveoli 53. The exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called A)pulmonary ventilation. B)internal respiration. C)external respiration. D)expiration. E)inspiration. Ans:B Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 54. For air to enter the lungs during inhalation A)the pressure inside the lungs must become lower than the atmospheric pressure. B)the pressure inside the lungs must be higher than the atmospheric pressure. C)the pressure inside the lungs must be equal to the atmospheric pressure. D)the size of the lungs must be decreased. E)the diaphragm has to be relaxed. Ans:A Link to: 22. 6 Respiration occurs between alveoli 55. Which of the following affect(s) the release of oxygen from hemoglobin? A)partial pressure of oxygen B)temperature C)acidity D)carbon dioxide in the tissue E)all of the above. Ans:E Link to: 22. 7 Oxygen is primarily transported 56. Carbon monoxide: A)binds weakly to amino acids within hemoglobin B)binds to the heme group of hemoglobin C)binds more strongly to the heme than oxygen does D)binds weakly to amino acids within hemoglobin and binds to the heme group of hemoglobin E)binds to the heme group of hemoglobin and binds more strongly to the heme than oxygen does Ans:E Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 57. Name and briefly describe the three basic processes of respiration. Ans:1. Pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air in and out of the lungs due to contraction and relaxation of muscles that control the size of the thoracic cavity. 2. External respiration is the exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. 3. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood in the systemic capillaries and tissues. Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation 58. Describe the inward forces of elastic recoil, and explain why the lungs do not normally collapse during expiration. Ans:Elastic recoil is the recoil of elastic fibers stretched during inspiration and the pull of the surface tension of alveolar fluid. Intrapleural pressure is always subatmospheric during normal breathing, which tends to pull lungs outward and to keep alveolar pressure from equalizing with atmospheric pressure. Surfactant in alveolar fluid decreases surface tension to help prevent collapse. Link to: 22. 3 Inhalation and exhalation Inhalation and exhalation, 22. 5: Oxygen and carbon and 22. 6: Respiration 59. In chronic emphysema, some alveoli merge together and some are replaced with fibrous connective tissue. In addition, the bronchioles are often inflamed, and expiratory volume is reduced. Using proper respiratory system terminology, explain at least four reasons why affected individuals will have problems with ventilation and external respiration. Ans:Answers could include: reduced compliance (reduces ability to increase thoracic volume); increased airway resistance (decreases tidal volume); decreased diffusion due to increased diffusion distance, decreased surface area, and changes in partial pressures of gases (altering gradients). Other answers may be acceptable.